Week 14

• behavioural system


  organized set of behaviours that lead to probable outcome, meet survival/physical needs
• evolved motivation?

  keeps and recreates contact with primary caregiver (attachment figure), seen in primate relationships and part of behavioural system
• attachment behaviours


  collected by internal or external cues (stress/threat, stranger danger) new experiences
• proximity-seeking behaviours


  searching, following, calling, crying
• Harlow's Monkey


  maternal deprivation and isolation. IV: contact comfort, DV: time, bahaviour

  looks at who monkey goes to when it needs survival help or comfort help
• Attachment styles

  Secure, anxious-resistant, avoidant, disorganized
• secureattachment


  seeks parent as safe base, loving and responsive caregiver
• anxious-resistant (ambivalent); attachment


  amplify of negative affect in attempt to get care (inconsistant/unpredictable caregiver)
• Avoidantattachment


  avoids caregiver when distressed, nods negative affect. Due to caregiver being rejecting or ignoring
• Disorganized attachment


  may act fearful or show contradictory behaviour (caregiver is atypical).
• Social referencing

  infant refers to caregivers; response in the face of new things or uncertainty
• If their faces are calm, infant feels safe; if their faces are distressed, infant feels unsafe

  social referencing
• normally developed by 14 months of age


  social referencing
• starts very high when young but decreases overtime


  trust in caregivers
• stages of development of attachment

  0-6; 6weeks -8months; 8-18months; 18-24months
• 0-6weeks

  pre-attachment stage of development of attachment. no distinctions made between different caregivers
• 6weeks-8months


  attachment-in-the-making stage of development of attachment. Prefers known caregivers but not upset by strangers
• 8-18months


  clear-cut-attachment stage of development of attachment. Want specific caregivers, separation anxiety is showing
• 18-24months


  goal-corrected partnership. understands caregiver absence, decrease protest and increased negotiation
• Antecedents of attachment style

  consistent, sensitive and responsive caregiving critical for infant emotional regulation and feelings of safety
• longitudinal evidence


  responsive mothers during 1st years -> secure at 12 months
• Parenting styles?

  authoritarian; authoritative; uninvolved; permissive
• authoritarian parenting style


  affectionless, punitive; patents with high expectations and cold/unresponsive attitude
• authoritative


  high freedom, consistent boundaries; parents with warm/responsive attitude but high expectations/control
• permissive


  lots of freedom with few demands, low expectations/control but still warm and responsive parents
• uninvolved


  neglectful, disinterested; parents with cold/unresponsive attitude but little to no expectations/control
• Association with secure attachment

  having secure attachments in childhood results with better relationships with others, more positive evaluations, more risk-taking (positive tho), not bullies, being resilient and competent adults
• stability of attachment?

  comes over time
• attachment after infancy

  attachment behaviour system relates to infants and caregivers, among peers during adolescence, between adult romantic partners
• romantic partners?


  attachment style: see them as a safe place comfort, support
• Adult attachment

  Preoccupied; secure; fearful; dismissing
• Secure

  comfortable with intimacy and interdependence, optimistic and sociable
• preoccupied


  uneasy and absent toward any threat to relationship, needy and jealous; high anxiety about abandonment but low avoidance to intimacy
• fearful


  fearful of rejection and mistrust of others, suspicious of others and shy, anxiety of abandonment and avoidance of intimacy
• dismissing

  self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy, indifferent and independent; low anxiety about abandonment and avoiding intimacy
• stability vs. attachment at 6 yrs


  parent-caregiver attachment is mostly stable
• change in stability?

  30% of ppl experience change in stability over time
• anxious-avoidant trap


  initial attraction between opposing styles "secure and insecure"; but sometimes insecure and insecure are attracted since that is the only relationship they know about
• attachment?


  product of the caregiver-infant relationship (not a product of infant's temperament)
• temperament?


  variation in emotional reactivity and self-regulation, genetics and biology, developed through interactions in environment