Micro Exam 3

• autoimmunity: reactions against self
• natural immunity: acquired through normal biological experiences
• artificial immunity: protection from infection, obtained through medical procedure (vaccines)
• active immunity: individual receives immune stimulus that activates B and T cells to produce antibodies, memory for quick action
• passive immunity: individual receives antibodies from another human or animal, lack of memory, short-term
• natural active immunity: getting a disease and recovering
• natural passive immunity: passing antibodies to nursing infants through breast milk
• artificial active immunity: receiving a vaccine and developing immunity
• artificial passive immunity: receiving preformed antibodies (antiserum)
• vaccines: deliberate exposure to an antigen which triggers an adaptive immune response
• live cells or virus = more effective then dead or inactive
• agents for immunization: attenuated or inactivated
• booster: immunizations to produce a secondary response and a higher antibody titer
• hypersensitivity: inappropriate immune response that results in host damage
• two major types of hypersensitivity: antibody-mediatedand cell-mediated
• Hypersensitivity diseases are categorized according to antigens and effector mechanisms that produce disease
• Allergy: antibody-mediated immediate hypersensitivity
• Allergy: caused by release of IgE antibody-coated mast cells
• immediate hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis
• Cell-mediated hypersensitivity characterized by tissuedamage (hives)
• Autoimmune diseases: Occur when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self proteins
• Autoimmune diseases: host tissue damage
• Autoimmune diseases: autoantibodies
• Animals (humans included) with deficiencies in B cells are prone to bacterial infections
• those with T cell deficiencies are prone to viral infections and cancers
• (SCID) is a serious, congenital deficiency of both Band T cells
• (AIDS) is caused by HIV infection that progresses and kills CD4+ T cells
• viruses are nonliving, not cellular
• prokaryotes: first appear 3.5-3.8 billion years ago
• coccus: spherical bacteria or ball shaped
• bacillus: rod-shaped
• rod is short and round ish = coccobacillius
• branches off of basic rod = branching filaments
• coccobacillus: single, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, palisades
• vibrio: singly occurring rods that are gently curved
• spirillum: bacterium having a slightly curled or spiral shaped body
• spirochetes: periplasmic flagella, spring-like
• pleomorphism: cell wall structure caused by slight genetic or nutritional differences
• all cells have: cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA genomes
• prokaryotes: no nucleus, no histones, lack membrane bound organelles