SCIE

• Scientific research and recreational activities do not require extensive facilities.
• Atmospheric (Air) Pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental to human health and planet.
• Global Warming attribute the trend since mid-20th century to the human expansion of the “greenhouse effect” - warming that results when atmosphere traps heat radiating from Earth to space.
• Gases in the atmosphere block heat from escaping.
• Long-lived gases that remain semi-permanently in the atmosphere and do not respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are described as "forcing" climate change.
• Water vapor which respond physically or chemically to changes in temperature are seen as “feedbacks”.
• Climate Change refers to the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place.
• Climate Change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole.
• Climate Change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable.
• Climate Change is connected with other damaging weather events: more frequent and intense hurricanes, floods, downpours, and winter storms.
• A Greenhouse is a structure with walls and roof made of transparent materials such as glass in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.
• The Greenhouse Effect most of the heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases and radiated in all directions, warming the Earth.
• Gases that contribute to the Greenhouse Effect include Water Vapor (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O).
• Water Vapor (H2O) is the most abundant greenhouse gas, acts as a feedback to the climate, and increases as earth’s atmosphere warms, so does clouds and precipitation.
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a minor but very important component of the atmosphere, is released through natural processes and human activities, and its concentration in the atmosphere has increased by 47% since the industrial revolution.
• Methane (CH4) is a hydrocarbon gas produced through natural sources and human activities, and its release is associated with decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture (rice cultivation), ruminant digestion and manure management associated with domestic livestock.
• Nitrous Oxide (N2O) is a powerful greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation practices, use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, nitric acid production, biomass burning.
• Human activities, such as combustion of fossil fuels, alter the climate system.
• Human-driven changes in land use and land cover, such as deforestation, urbanization, and shifts in vegetation patterns, alter the climate and result in changes to the reflectivity of the Earth surface (albedo).
• Transparency about the causes of climate change allows for effective solutions to be developed and deployed.
• Recyclables include paper, glass, metals, plastics.
• Incineration is a method of solid waste management where solid wastes are burned at high temperatures until they turn into ashes.
• Pyrolysis is a method of solid waste management where solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without the presence of oxygen.
• Solid Waste can physically be a solid, liquid, semi-solid, or container of gaseous material.
• When harmful substances (chemicals or microorganisms), contaminate a body of water, they degrade water quality and render it toxic to humans or the environment.
• Ashes or Dust are residue from fires that are used for cooking.
• Solid Waste includes garbage, construction debris, commercial refuse, sludge from water supply or waste treatment plants, or air pollution facilities, other discarded materials.
• Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can lead to unsanitary conditions, pollution, and outbreak of vector-borne diseases.
• Solid Waste Management involves collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose.
• Solid Waste is discarded material that is abandoned by being disposed of, burned, incinerated, recycled or considered “waste-like”.
• Recovery and Recycling involves taking useful but discarded items for the next use.
• Sewage and other water pollutants include pathogenic microorganisms, putrescible organic waste, plant nutrients, toxic chemicals, sediments, heat, petroleum (oil), radioactive substances, and dead animals.
• Hazardous Waste includes oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste, dead animals.
• Composting is a method of solid waste management where biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a medium designed for the purpose.
• Combustibles include paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items - highly organic and having low moisture content.
• Construction Waste includes rubble, roofing, broken concrete.
• Non-Combustibles include metals, tins, cans, bottles, stones.
• Organic Wastes include kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, market places.
• Toxic Waste includes old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
• Sanitary Landfill is a method of solid waste management where the bottom is covered with an impervious liner, made of layers of plastic and sand, to protect groundwater from being contaminated by leaching or percolation.