CHEM 1 S2

• Isopropyl alcohol is a powerful disinfectant.
• Ethyl alcohol is used to dilute the perfume concentrate so it can be applied to skin.
• The general formula for aliphatic alcohol is C n H 2n+1 OH.
• Phenol, also known as aromatic alcohol, has an - OH group attached to the benzene rings.
• Aliphatic alcohol is an alcohol where the - OH group is attached directly to the alkyl group.
• Aromatic alcohol is an alcohol where the - OH group is attached directly to the aryl group.
• Benzene derivatives with two - OH groups are named as benzenediol.
• IUPAC rules allow some common names to be retained.
• Physical properties of alcohols include physical state, boiling point, and solubility.
• ROH with C > 12 are solids, making them suitable for use as solid alcohol cooking fuel.
• As molecular weight increases (or as C atoms increase), the boiling point of an alcohol will increase.
• Priority in homologous series is given to RCOOH, RCN, RCHO, ROH, RNH2, RNO2.
• MeOH and EtOH are volatile liquids, with boiling points of 65 o C and 78 o C respectively.
• Homologous series in functional group IUPAC nomenclature includes alcohol, ether, alkoxide, alkoxyalkane, aldehyde, carbonyl, ketone, carbonyl alkanone, carboxylic acid, carboxyl, alkanoic acid, ester, anhydride, amide, amine, nitrile, and cyano group.
• Most simple alcohols (C < 12) are odorless and colorless liquids.
• Toluene, OH, phenol, NH2, aniline, COOH, benzoic acid, CHO, benzaldehyde are examples of functional groups in homologous series.
• Methyl salicylate, an ester, is used in the preparation of ointments such as "minyak cap kapak".
• Benzyl benzoate, a drug used in the topical treatment of scabies, can be synthesized through alcohol reaction.
• The reaction rates are in the order HI > HBr > HCl (HF non-reactive).
• Alcohols can be categorized into three groups based on their reactivity: ROH > 2o > 1o > phenol.
• Alcohol reacts with HX to form RX.
• Alcohol reacts with acyl chloride to form ester.
• Esterification is a reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid, catalyzed by mineral acid (H2SO4 @ HCl) to form ester and H2O.
• The general reaction is: ROH + PX3 RX + H3PO3, ROH + PCl5 RCl + POCl3 + HCl, ROH + SOCl2 RCl + SO2 + HCl.
• Alcohol reactions include formation of haloalkane, reaction with phosphorus halide (PCl3, PCl5, PBr3, PI3) and thionyl chloride SOCl2, and reaction with hydrogen halide (HCl, HBr, HI).
• ROH reacts with PX3, PX5, SOCl2 to form haloalkane.
• Dehydration of alcohol to form alkene can be achieved by heating a mixture of alcohol and concentrated H2SO4 at 170°C.
• Less energy is needed to separate between spherical molecules with fewer -OH groups.
• Reaction with sodium (Na) at Room T to form salt (sodium alkoxide) + hydrogen gas.
• General reaction (Acid-catalysed condensation of alcohol): R-C-OH + R’-O’H R-C-O’R’ + H-O-H.
• Number of OH groups increases, boiling point also increases.
• Solubility decreases with relative M r increase because of the bigger hydrophobic area.
• Solubility increases with the number of -OH groups as more hydrogen bonding can be made between alcohol and water.
• Pentanol has a higher boiling point than propanol.
• Lower the boiling point with fewer -OH groups.
• Boiling point in descending order: alcohol > 2 ° alcohol > 3 ° alcohol.
• Boiling point is influenced by the isomeric structure of alcohol molecules.
• Between butanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol, the boiling point increases with the number of OH groups.
• Van der Waals forces are smaller and decrease with the number of -OH groups.
• Alcohols and water have the ability to form inter-molecular H-bonding.