Nationalism in Europe

• Nationalism is a belief or ideology that emphasizes the importance of one's own nation, often leading to conflicts with other nations.
• The Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born in Genoa in 1807
• Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Europe in Berne and Young Italy in Marseilles
• In January 1871, the Prussian King, Kaiser William I, was proclaimed German Emperor
• In 1859, the Austrian-Habsburgs were defeated in the north under Chief Minister Cavour.
• In 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi led the soldiers (peasants) to march into the south of Italy and drive out the Spanish rulers.
• Minister Otto Van Bismark was known as the Architect of Germany
• Giuseppe Mazzini was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
• Italy was divided into seven states in the middle of the nineteenth century, and among all the seven states, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house
• The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ 
• In 1815, the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon
• The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free. 
• In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states.
• In 1789, Nationalism came with the French Revolution 
• the Civil Code of 1804, known as the Napoleonic Code, did away with all privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property
•  the Treaty of Constantinople of

  1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation
• The Greek War of Independence in 1821 mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830-1848
• Duke Metternich remarked “when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”
• Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were known as the Slavs.
•  A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman empire
• Marianne was the allegory of France and her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and Republic —the red cap, the tricolour and the cockade
• Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction
• Giuseppe Mazzini was a member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari
• Ireland was forcibly incorporated in United Kingdom in 1801
• the British Flag - Union Jack
• Conservative regimes imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom
• Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified liberty as a female figure
• the term liberalism derives from its Latin root liber, meaning free.
• For the new middle class, liberalism stood for freedom and equality before the law
• Since the french revolution, liberalism has stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges.
• Romanticism is a cultural movement that sought to develop a particular kind of nationalism
• Languages were also used to develop nationalism and to unite people.
• In Poland, they were divided by the Great Power but the nationalist feelings were kept alive via songs and folklore
• The German states were divided into a confederation of 39 separate states with separate currencies, weights and measures.
• Frederic Sorrieu presented the utopian vision in his prints in 1848 to rise the feeling of nationalism as well as fraternity among the world.
• Otto Van Bismarck - Germany
• Autocratic conservative regimes were set up in 1815 in Europe.
• Romantic poets didn't believe in glorifying science, logic and reason to instil nationalism, they believed in feelings and emotions
• Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century until the Treaty of Constantinopole in 1832
• Chancellor Duke Metternich hosted the Treaty of Vienna