CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• The 3 Major Parts of a Cell: 1.Cell Membrane, 2. Cytoplasm, 3. Nucleus
• CELL MEMBRANE - Outermost part of the cell.
• CELL MEMBRANE - Acts as gatekeeper/security of the cell
• CELL MEMBRANE - Composed of phospholipid bilayer (double layer of fats and proteins.)
• CELL MEMBRANE - is semi-permeable
• Rigid wall found in plant and bacterial cells is called cell wall.
• Cell wall is the secondary wall for plant and bacterial cells.
• Cytoplasm- area where organelles are located
• Cytosol- liquid portion of cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm contains enzymes that break down wastes.
• Cytoskeleton - the structure of the cell
• 2 types of ribosomes: Free and Bound Ribosome
• Ribosomes are site of protein synthesis
• Free ribosome- use within the cell
• Bound ribosome- export (secretion) from the cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - A network of membranes that is involved in the synthesis and transport of lipids and proteins
• Rough ER- synthesizes and modifies proteins to transport them in the Golgi apparatus
• Smooth ER- synthesizes lipids and steroids, and is involved in the synthesis of cholesterol (fatty acids and phospholipids)
• Vacuole - Fluid-filled vesicle that stores chemical in the cell
• Lysosome- suicide bag of the cell that is capable of self-destruction (phagocytosis)
• Golgi Apparatus- is the shipping center of the cell
• Golgi Apparatus - modifies, sorts, and packages the macromolecules
• Mitochondria- site of aerobic respiration; where ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation
• Chloroplast- organelle found only in plant cells; it contains green pigment called chlorophyll which absorbs light energy from sunlight.
• Nucleus- controls all activities of the cell; contains DNA molecule
• Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
• Adenosine Trisphosphate (ATP) is the energy of the cell
• Parts of Chloroplasts: Thylakoid - flat disc
• Parts of Chloroplasts: Grana/granum - stacks of thylakoid and 1st part of photosynthesis
• Parts of Chloroplasts: Stroma - fluid space and 2nd part of photosynthesis
• Parts of Chloroplasts: Lumen - cavity or space inside the thylakoid
• NUCLEUS: spherical structure located near the center of the cell. Contains the genetic material of the cell and controls the activities of the cell
• Karyoplasm or Nucleoplasm - protoplasmic content of nucleus
• Nuclear Membrane - double layer membrane that envelopes the nucleus
• Nuclear Pores - perforated holes in the nuclear membrane that permit the movement of selected molecules between the nucleus and the rest of the cell while blocking the other passage of other molecules.
• Nucleoli/Nucleolus - synthesis of RNA and protein
• Chromosomes - rod/thread like structure carrying genes.
• Gene - basic unit of heredity
• DNA - contains genetic code
• Believed to be the first cells to evolve- Prokaryotic cells