Module 1 - Chemistry and Matter

• Chemistry is often called the central science, because a basic knowledge of chemistry is essential for students of biology, physics, geology, and many other courses.
• Chemistry plays a vital role in: Health and Medicine, Energy, Environment Materials, Technology, Food and Agriculture
• Organic Chemistry - It is concerned with the study of most carbon-based compounds. The creation of polymers such as plastics and nylons, cleaning products like soaps, and medicines are application of organic chemistry.
• Inorganic Chemistry - It deals with all substances which are not considered organic. The creation of catalysts, superconductors, and medicines are application of inorganic chemistry.
• Biochemistry - It is a branch of chemistry that deals with molecules in living organisms. Principles of biochemistry can be used to detect the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
• Analytical Chemistry - characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). Used to identify an unknown compound found at a crime scene, to check the appropriate concentrations of minerals and nutrients in soil that are necessary for plant growth, and to confirm the safety and quality of our food.
• Physical Chemistry - It is the study of the underlying physical principles that govern the properties and behavior of chemical systems Principles of physical chemistry can be used to predict properties and reactions of chemicals.
• Scientific method is a systematic approach to research. Data obtained can either be quantitative or qualitative.
• Hypothesis is a tentative explanation for a set of observations.
• Law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relationship between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.
• Theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and/or those laws that are based on them.
• Pure Substance - A matter that has only one set of chemical and physical properties. ex. water
• An ATOM is the basic unit of matter, made up of a nucleus of protons and neutrons, and electrons.
• A MOLECULE is the smallest particle of a pure substance that has the properties of that substance and is capable of a stable independent existence.
• An ION is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
• diatomic molecules - molecules that contain two atoms.
• triatomic molecules - molecules that contain three atoms.
• polyatomic molecules - molecules that contain more than three atoms.
• homoatomic molecules - molecules that contain only one kind of atom.
• heteroatomic molecules - molecules that contain two or more kinds of atoms.
• Mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances. The substances may be present in any mass ratio.
• Mixtures may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. If we know the physical properties of the individual components of the mixture, we can use appropriate physical means to separate the mixture into its component parts.
• Unlike pure substances, mixtures can always be separated by physical means.
• Heterogeneous mixture - Uneven distribution of substances that you can see the different parts.
• Homogeneous Mixture - Components are evenly mixed, so itscomponents are hard to distinguish.
• A physical property can be measured and observed without changing thecomposition or identity of a substance.
• A chemical property can be observed by carrying out a chemical changes.
• An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is being considered.
• An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is being considered.
• weight - extensive
• pressure and density - intensive
• color - intensive
• temperature - intensive
• length - extensive
• boiling point - intensive