LESSON 1

• ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

  Source

  Message

  Channel

  Receiver

  Feedback 

  Environment 

  Contex

  Interference
• Source

  • A message is crafted through a sender who initiates the communication process. It can be an author of a book, a public speaker, or a teacher who discusses a lesson.
• Message

  • Communication is delivered through a message send by the speaker to the receiver.
• Channel 

  • is the means of communication. Examples are phone in calls and letters sent in business transactions. To have an effective communication, communicators should select the best means of communication.
• Receiver

  • When the message is sent by the sender it is received by the recipient. It can be an audience in a symposium, a reader who receives the letter or a pedestrian who reads road signs.
• Feedback

  • An understood message is confirmed through the response of the receiver. It may be written, spoken or acted out such as thumbs up given by a listener.
• Environment 

  • The sender and receiver’s feelings, mood, place and mindset are called ____. Both sender and receiver have to consider the setting where communication takes place. This factor may also hinder effective communication where barriers may interfere such as noise from the buses or poor signal in phone calls
• Context 

  • The meaning conveyed from the message sent by the sender to the receiver is called ____. It is necessary that both the encoder and decoder share common understanding to achieve effective communication.
• Interference 

  • prevent effective communication. These are factors that hinder the communication process
• The following are the types of barriers in communication

  Psychological barriers

  Physical barriers 

  Linguistic and cultural barriers 

  Mechanical barriers
• Psychological barriers

  • These are thoughts that hamper the interpreted message received by the receiver such as dizziness of the listener while the teacher lectures or when the listener is preoccupied by some other things while listening to the speaker.
• Physical barriers

  • These are stimuli from the environment which disrupt communication, weather or climate conditions and physical health of the communicator.
• Linguistic and cultural barriers

  • Word differences are present in different cultures which may result to ineffective Communication.
• Mechanical barriers

  • These are interferences which affect channels to transmit the message such as poor signal or low battery consumption of mobile phones while calling.
• Aristotle’s model of communication FIVE ELEMENTS: 

  Speaker

  Speech 

  Occasion

  Audience 

  Effect
• Aristotle’s model of communication

  • In this model, there are five elements which compose the communication process which are the speaker, speech occasion, audience and effect.
• Aristotle’s model of communication

  • This model is speaker-centered which results the audience as passive. The effect of the speech delivered by the speaker to the audience in an occasion is that either the listeners be persuaded or not; in this case the communication becomes one-way delivery because feedback from the audience is not expected
• Shannon–Weaver model

  This model was developed because of the technological invention of telephone.
• Six elements of communication are identified in this Shannon–Weaver model:

  sender

  encoder

  channel

  decoder

  receiver

  feedback.
• Shannon–Weaver model

  • technologically, in telephone calls the caller functions as the sender while the encoder is the telephone that turns the caller’s voice into series of binary data packages which is sent down to the telephone lines.
• OSGOOD-SCHRAMM’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

  • This model considers communication as circular because both the encoder and decoder take turn in sending the message. Along the process of communication, the recipients filter to interpret the meaning of the words sent to them.
• Eugene White’s Stages of Communication

  • Another circular model that explains communication as a continuous process with no real beginning.
• BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

  Clarity

  Concreteness

  Courtesy

  Correctness

  Consideration

  Creativity

  Conciseness

  Cultural Sensitivity

  Captivating
• Clarity

  • makes speeches understandable. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are jargons, cliché expressions, euphemisms, and double speak language.
• Concreteness

  • reduces misunderstandings. Messages must be supported by facts such as research data, statistics or figures. To achieve concreteness abstract words must be avoided
• Courtesy

  • builds goodwill. It involves being polite in terms of approach and manner of addressing an individual.
• Correctness: 

  • Glaring mistakes in grammar obscures the meaning of the sentence. Also, the misuse of language can damage your credibility
• Consideration: 

  • Messages must be geared towards the audience. The sender of the message must consider the recipient’s profession, level of education, race, ethnicity, hobbies, interests, passions, advocacies, and age when drafting or delivering a message.
• Creativity: 

  • in communication means having the ability to craft interesting messages in terms of sentence structure and word choice.
• Conciseness: 

  • Simplicity and directness help you to be concise. Avoid using lengthy expressions and words that may confuse the recipient.
• Cultural Sensitivity: 

  • Today, with the increasing emphasis on empowering diverse cultures, lifestyles, and races and the pursuit for gender equality, cultural sensitivity becomes an important standard for effective communication.
• Captivating: 

  • You must strive to make messages interesting to command more attention and better responses.
• Ethics 

  • is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards of a society.
• Communication

  • is the process of exchanging ideas, opinions, and information between two or more interlocutors.
• The elements Eugene White's model are:

  • thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feed backing, monitoring.