Hormonal control -humans

• Water balance and blood glucose are controlled by the pancreas.
• Too high or too low levels of blood glucose can lead to pancreas releasing insulin, moving glucose back into cells and storing it in the liver and muscles as glycogen.
• Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 are conditions where insufficient insulin is produced by the pancreas, causing body cells not to respond to insulin.
• A carbohydrate controlled diet and insulin injections are used to manage diabetes.
• Obesity is a risk factor for diabetes.
• Exercise regime is advised for diabetes management.
• The pancreas secretes glucagon so glycogen is converted to glucose and released during diabetes.
• Loss of water occurs during exhalation and sweat through skin, excess removed by kidneys.
• Excess amino acids are deaminated in the liver and converted to urea, which is excreted in the filtration of blood.
• ADH is released by the pituitary gland when water level is too low, acting on the kidneys to absorb more water into the blood.
• AQA Biology only covers reproduction, hormonal coordination in humans, and adrenaline and thyroxine.
• LH stimulates the release of an egg during reproduction.
• Testosterone is responsible for sperm production.
• Oestrogen stimulates ovulation.
• FSH matures an egg in the ovary during the menstrual cycle.
• Oestrogen and Progesterone maintain the uterine lining during the menstrual cycle.
• FSH stimulates the release of LH and FSH stimulates the release of oestrogen from a mature egg during contraception.
• Infertility can be managed through IVF, where FSH and LH are given to stimulate maturation of eggs, which are collected and fertilised.