WH1 Lesson 10, 11 & 12

• Greek art - works of art produced in the Aegean basin, center of artistic activity from very early times.
• Artemis - was the great Olympian goddess of hunting, wilderness and wild animals.
• Aphrodite - the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation.
• Bronze Boxer of Quirinal - also known as the Terme Boxer, is a Hellenistic Greek sculpture dated around 330 B.C. of a sitting nude boxer at rest, still wearing his caestus, a type of leather hand-wrap.
• Mesopotamians and Egyptians - took the first steps toward the creation of science.
• Philosophy - comes from a Greek word meaning “ love of wisdom. ” For the ancient Greeks, the love of wisdom meant a search for knowledge about the universe and human beings’ place
• THALES - The earliest scientists and philosopher who came from the Greek city-states in Asia Minor.
• Pythagoras - Believed that the universe was arranged according to Mathematical Laws.
• Democritus - Taught that nature was made up of tiny atoms, particles that could not be divided.
• Democritus’ idea was the first atomic theory.
• Hippocrates - He taught physicians to find the causes of disease by using their reason, not by blaming Illness of the anger or ill will of gods.
• Socrates - who is considered one of the most extraordinary thinkers in History about society and the individual.
• Socrates - emphasizes careful thinking and questioning.
• According to Socrates, an individual should rely on reason, not emotions, to govern his or her behavior.
• Plato - questions ideas about government and democracy.
• Aristotle - studies all fields of knowledge.
• Rome was only a small town in Italy. In the centuries that followed. Rome creed the largest and most powerful empire of the ancient world.
• People throughout the Empire were proud to say, “ Civis Romanus sum ” ---” I am a citizen of Rome ”
• The Greeks and Etruscans influence Roman culture
• The early settlers of Rome were a people called the Latin's, who were one of many different peoples living in the Italian peninsula.
• Etruscans - live in prosperous trading cities to the north and west of Rome.
• Patricians - its leaders all came from the class of wealthy land-owners.
• Two officials called consuls directed the army. Consuls held office for only a year: there was little risk that they would again too much power or make themselves king.
• In 390 B. C., after an attack by people called Gaul from north of Italy, the Senate required plebeians as well as patricians to serve as soldiers.
• Hannibal - attempted a surprise attack on Rome in Second Punic War.
• To protect his homeland, Hannibal returned to Carthage. He was defeated by Scipio Africanus in the Battle of Zama in 202 B.C. this was Hannibal’s first defeat, and it ended the war.
• The newly rich owners created large estates known as latifundia. They found workers for their farms among the thousands of slaves taken as prisoners during the Punic Wars.
• Tiberius Gracchus - elected tribune in 133B.C., promised to help the farmers, he called for taking public land and distributing it among the landless farmers.
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus came to believe that the underlying cause of Rome’s problems was the decline of the small farmers
• Gaius Gracchus, younger brother of Tiberius, became a tribune 10 years later.
• Marius began to recruit his armies in a new way. He recruited landless volunteers from both the urban and rural poor.
• His greatest rivalry, Lucius Cornelius Sulla compete with Marius
• Sulla was given the title Dictator for six months but he lasted for two years using his power to have many opponents murdered.
• The First Triumvirate was an unofficial reorganization of the Roman power structure, uniting the three most powerful men of the age together at the head of the political order.
• Crassus was known as the richest man in Rome and led a successful military command against major slave rebellion.
• Pompey had returned from a successful military command in Spain in 71 B.C.E and had been hailed as a military hero.
• Julius Caesar also had a military command in Spain. He joined with Crassus and Pompey to form a coalition that is called “The First Triumvirate”.
• He put into effect a new and accurate calendar, “Julian Calendar” that late changes in 1582 and become the basis of our own calendar. He is known as the “Dictator for Life”.
• A second triumvirate was formed by three of Caesar’s supporters- Mark Anthony, Lepidus and Octavian.