using resources

• What is the Haber process used for?

  Producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen
• What are the optimal conditions for the Haber process?

  450°C temperature and over 200 atm pressure
• What are the reactants in the Haber process?

  Nitrogen and hydrogen
• How does high pressure affect the Haber process?

  It favors the forward reaction to produce ammonia
• What effect does higher temperature have on the Haber process?

  It increases the rate of reaction but favors reverse reaction
• What is the compromise temperature for the Haber process?

  400°C
• Why is 400°C considered a compromise temperature?

  It maximizes ammonia yield while maintaining reaction rate
• What is the relationship between temperature and reaction rate in the Haber process?

  Higher temperature increases reaction rate but decreases yield
• What happens to the yield of ammonia at lower temperatures?

  Yield increases but reaction rate decreases
• What is the main product of the Haber process?

  Ammonia
• How does the Haber process ensure a reasonable reaction rate?

  By using high pressure and moderate temperature
• What is the significance of the reaction rate in the Haber process?

  It determines the efficiency of ammonia production
• What is the effect of high pressure on the reverse reaction in the Haber process?

  It disfavors the reverse reaction
• What is the yield of ammonia in the Haber process?

  Maximized at optimal conditions
• What is the role of the catalyst in the Haber process?

  To speed up the reaction without being consumed
• How do the conditions of the Haber process affect the overall yield?

  Optimal conditions maximize yield while ensuring efficiency
• What are the key factors influencing the Haber process?

  • Temperature: 450°C is optimal
  • Pressure: Over 200 atm is optimal
  • Catalyst: Increases reaction rate
  • Reaction conditions: Balance yield and efficiency
• What are the implications of high temperature and pressure in the Haber process?

  • High pressure favors forward reaction
  • High temperature increases reaction rate
  • Compromise needed for optimal yield
• What three nutrients do plants need from NPK fertilizers?

  Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
• Why is ammonia used in the production of ammonium salts?

  It provides nitrogen needed for proteins
• What role does phosphorus play in plants?

  It is important for photosynthesis
• What is mined to obtain phosphorus for fertilizers?

  Phosphate rock
• How is phosphate rock treated before being added to fertilizers?

  It is treated with an acid
• What is the importance of potassium in plants?

  It controls the stomata
• What two potassium compounds are obtained by mining?

  Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate
• How are sewage sludge and effluent treated?

  They are digested anaerobically by specific bacteria
• What is the purpose of treating effluent with aerobic bacteria?

  To reduce the volume of solid waste
• What is the purpose of screening in waste water treatment?

  To remove grit and large particles
• What does sedimentation allow in waste water treatment?

  Allows tiny particles to settle out
• What is produced during sedimentation?

  Sewage sludge and effluent
• What is the role of chlorine in effluent treatment?

  To sterilize and kill harmful pathogens
• What is the effect of UV light in effluent treatment?

  It kills harmful pathogens
• What are the main components of waste water treatment processes?

  1. Screening to remove grit and large particles
  2. Sedimentation to allow tiny particles to settle
  3. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
  4. Aerobic treatment of effluent
  5. Sterilization using chlorine or UV light
• What is reverse osmosis?

  A process in which under high pressure, water molecules move through a partially permeable membrane.
• Life Cycle Assessment (to reduce impact of a product on environment)

  • extracting & processing raw materials
  • manufacturing and packaging
  • using the product
  • disposal
• Phytomining

  • plants are grown on a low-grade ore
  • they absorb mineral ions through roots and concentrate these in their cells
  • plants harvested and burnt
  • ash left behind contains metal compounds that are reacted with sulfuric acid and extracted by electrolysis or displacement with iron
• Corrosion

  When a metal continually reacts with oxygen and becomes weaker
• Haber Process

  • nitrogen and hydrogen are pumped through pipes
  • pressure of mixed gases is increased to 200 atm
  • pressurised gases are heated to 450 degrees and passed through tank containing iron catalyst
  • reaction mixture is cooled so ammonia become liquid and can be removed. Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen are recycled