smaller notes

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
• Non-metals: Elements that are often dull, poor conductors of heat and electricity, and are not malleable or ductile.
• An atom is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and electrons orbiting the nucleus.
• An element is a substance made up of only one type of atom, and elements are listed on the periodic table.
• A compound is a substance formed when two or more elements chemically combine in fixed proportions, for example, water (H₂O) is a compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
• A chemical reaction is a process where substances (reactants) change into new substances (products) with different properties.
• Balancing equations ensures the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of a chemical equation.
• Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water and have a pH greater than 7.
• Ionic Bonding involves the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
• Covalent Bonding involves the sharing of electrons between non-metals.
• Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water and have a pH less than 7.
• Groups are vertical columns on the periodic table.
• Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table.
• Metals are elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable and ductile.
• Elements in the same group have similar properties.
• Bases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water and have a pH greater than 7.
• Acids are substances that release hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water and have a pH less than 7.
• Ionic Bonding involves the transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
• Periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table.
• Metals are elements that are typically shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are malleable and ductile.
• Elements in the same group have similar properties.
• Covalent Bonding involves the sharing of electrons between non-metals.
• Groups are vertical columns on the periodic table.