Biochemistry

• The tertiary structure of a protein is the overall three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.
• Denaturation refers to the loss of protein function due to changes in its shape or conformation caused by heat, pH change, or other factors.
• NADPH provides electrons for the reduction of carbon dioxide, while ATP supplies energy for phosphorylation.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are joined together by peptide bonds during protein synthesis.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed themselves.
• Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light reactions (photolysis) and dark reactions (carbon fixation).
• Protein folding involves the formation of secondary structures such as alpha helices and beta sheets, which contribute to the overall three-dimensional shape of the protein.
• Disulfide bridges form between cysteine residues through oxidation reactions, stabilizing the protein's tertiary structure.