SLHL Motivational Theories

• According to Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory, all people have three universal needs: competence (need to succeed and achieve), relatedness (need for social connection), and autonomy (need for self-endorsed behavior and decision-making).
• The main concept behind Adams' Equity Theory is that employees compare their efforts and rewards to those of their colleagues. If they perceive an inequity where their inputs are greater than the outputs, they become demotivated.
• Vroom's Expectancy Theory defines expectancy as the belief in achieving a goal through hard work, instrumentality as potential benefits for achieving the goal, and valence as the evaluation of potential benefits that determines behavior.
• Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory identifies two types of factors: hygiene factors (aspects that prevent dissatisfaction, such as working conditions and pay) and motivators (factors that lead to satisfaction and performance, such as recognition and responsibility).
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes five levels of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. People progress from lower to higher levels, and motivation arises from fulfilling unsatisfied needs.
• According to Taylor's Scientific Management, managers are responsible for planning, direction, and control, while subordinates are rewarded based on performance-related pay. There is a strict division of labor, clear task expectations, and objective hiring criteria.
• The three needs identified in McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory are achievement (desire to succeed and master skills), affiliation (need for social connection and being loved/admired), and power (desire to lead and inspire others).
• The three universal needs identified in Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination Theory are competence (need to succeed and achieve), relatedness (need for social connection), and autonomy (need for self-endorsed behavior and decision-making).
• Vroom's Expectancy theory: An individual's motivation is determined by their expectancy (belief in achieving a goal through hard work), instrumentality (potential benefits for achieving the goal), and valence (evaluation of potential benefits).