Separating mixtures

• A mixture is not pure because it has two or more substances.
• A pure substance is a single substance.
• A pure substance has only one element or one compound.
• Mixtures can be separated very easily using Physical methods, such as Filtration, Crystallisation, Simple distillation, Fractional distillation, and Chromatography.
• Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from liquid.
• Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from its solution.
• Simple distillation is used to obtain the solvent from its solution.
• Fractional distillation is used to separate two or more miscible liquids having different boiling points.
• Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of two different colours.
• Process of separation in terms of solubility using the particle model

  1. Particles in mixtures stick together.
  2. Adding salt to water breaks these forces.
  3. Salt particles mix with water particles.
  4. A solution forms with even mixing.
  5. Not all things mix well in water.
  6. Saturation point – no more dissolving.
  7. Separation methods like evaporation work.
• What happens when a solute dissolves in water

  1. Solute particles break apart.
  2. Interact with water molecules.
  3. Form a uniform mixture, a solution.
  4. Solute evenly distributed in water.
  5. Saturation point reached if excess solute.
  6. Dissolving process is reversible.
  7. Can be separated by methods like evaporation.
• Water will not dissolve or solids so sometimes other solvent are needed, for example, oil and grease
• Water is good for many things, is easy to find, and is mostly safe.
• Water is good for the Earth and does not harm the environment much.
• Water can conduct electricity, which can be a bit shocking.
• Water changes with temperature, sometimes working better when it's hot.
• Organic solvents work with oils and fats, are used in factories, and can be changed by scientists for specific tasks.
• Some organic solvents are not safe and can be harmful or catch fire.
• Organic solvents are not always good for the Earth and some can be bad for nature.
• Organic solvents can be expensive and might be expensive.
• Alcohol can be purchased at stores, making it easy to obtain.
• Alcohol does not dissolve everything well, it has its limitations.
• Acetone is flammable, can catch fire, so be careful.
• Acetone costs less for certain tasks, not too expensive.
• Alcohol is generally safe in small amounts, usually won't hurt you much.
• Alcohol evaporates quickly, disappearing fast, so you need to use it quickly.
• Alcohol breaks down in the environment, disappearing over time.
• Acetone evaporates fast, useful in cleaning stuff quickly.
• Alcohol dissolves many things, making it useful for cleaning and some experiments.
• Acetone is usually safe for certain uses, not too dangerous.
• Acetone dissolves a lot, making it great for cleaning some things.
• Acetone has a strong odor, not a pleasant smell.
• Alcohol is not suitable for drinking, it's not the same as the fun kind.
• Alcohol can catch fire, so be careful as it's flammable.
• Acetone dries things out, might be harsh on skin and materials.
• 1. Watching Colors Move:

  • As the liquid travels up, it carries the ink with it.

  1. Separation of Colors:

  • Different colors in the ink move at different speeds. They separate on the paper.

  1. Results:

  • You get bands of colors on the paper.

  1. Comparison:

  • Look at the bands for each ink. They might be similar or different.

  1. Calculating Rf Values:

  • Measure how far each color traveled. This helps compare inks.
• • Changes of state involve the gain or loss of heat energy.
  • Evaporation changes liquid to gas by adding heat and increasing particle movement.
  • Condensation changes gas to liquid by removing heat and decreasing particle movement.
  • These processes are reversible and part of the water cycle in nature.
• Distillation involves starting with a mixture containing the liquid you want to purify.
• A distillation apparatus consists of a boiling flask, a condenser, and a collection flask.
• Heating the mixture in distillation involves applying heat to the boiling flask to start boiling the mixture.