Pre AP World History - Ancient Rome

• The Roman army was made up of legions, which were units of soldiers.
• Roman armies had different types of weapons depending on their role within the unit.
• Cavalry played an important role in ancient warfare but did not have much impact on the outcome of battles.
• Roman armies used various tactics to gain an advantage over their enemies, including using terrain to their advantage, forming battle lines, and utilizing cavalry.
• How were Christians treated in Rome initially? Why do you think this was?

  -Christians were arrested for treason, covered in tar, burned alive, and beheaded

  -this was because they wanted to unite the empire under polytheism and the emperor was threatened
• Architecture during the Pax Romana

  -roman roads

  -aqueducts

  -colosseum, amphitheater

  -pantheon

  -arches and domes

  Greece did not have domes
• Trade in the Pax Romana

  -complex road system links 50,000 miles

  -common coin (denavius)

  -trade as far as India and China: silk roads

  -ocean trade: "mare nostrum"
• Religion during the Pax Romana


  -early Romans honored gods: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva

  -worship of emperor becomes part of religion
• Government during the Pax Romana

  Civil service: paid workers to manage gov't affairs

  -grain supply

  -tax collection

  -postal system
• Entertainment during the Pax Romana

  -games

  -races

  -mock battle

  -gladiators
• When does the empire reach its physical height?

  In 117 AD, under Emperor Trajan
• How did Augustus reorganize the military system?

  -commanders owe allegiance directly to emperor

  -armies conquer distant lands
• What happens once Octavian comes into power?

  -he accepts the title of Augustus which means "exalted one" and rules Rome

  -this implies religious connotation (he is to be worshipped)

  -changes government to a principate (monarchy)
• What happened in the Battle of Actium?

  Octavian defeated Cleopatra and Marc Antony

  31 BCE
• Who belongs to the 2nd triumvirate?

  Marc Antony, Octavian, Lipidus
• Who is given power once the civil conflicts end?

  Octavian, Caesar's nephew
• When Caesar died, how did Marc Antony help keep Cleopatra in power?

  Cleopatra was allowed to keep control of Egypt

  Cesarean is declared the heir to Caesar
• How did Caesar help Cleopatra rise to power?

  He eliminated her rivals
• How did Cleopatra gain access to Julius Caesar?

  She rolled herself into a rug and rolled towards him when he went to Alexandria
• What happened on March 15, 44 BCE

  Caesar is dabbed by senators due to the fear of his growing power

  "Ides of March"
• What are the reforms Caesar enforced in Rome?

  -citizenship to people in the provinces

  -expanded the senate

  -created jobs for the poor

  -started colonies where people could own property

  -increased pay or soldiers
• What is the result after Caesar
• "Crossing the Rubicon"


  Making a decision you can't take back
• What did Pompey fear? What did he do about it?

  He feared Caesar's ambition so he ordered Caesar to come home
• What did Caesar do from 58 BCE to 50 BCE?


  Led a campaign to conquer Gaul
• How did Caesar serve in the government?

  -1 year as consul

  -appointed himself governor of Gaul

  -44 BCE: appointed dictator for life
• Triumverate


  A group of three leaders
• Who does Caesar join forces with in 60 BCE?

  Crassus and Pompey

  FORMS A TRIUMVERATE
• Roman civil war

  -between Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla

  -87 BCE: Gaius Marius takes Rome -> Lucius drives Marius out in 83 BCE
• Development of Private Armies

  -army becomes less disciplined and loyal

  -soldiers recruited from poor, promised land in return
• Latifundia


  -large farming estates owned

  -slaves to work on these estates

  -issue for farmers: they can not compete with the estates --> sell land and become homeless
• What grows along with the Roman Republic?

  The gap between rich and poor
• Economic problems within Rome

  -growing discontent of lower class

  -breakdown of military organization
• Who does Rome fight with after the Punic Wars?

  Antigunoid and Selucid Empires

  HELLENISTIC EMPIRES
• The three Punic Wars

  1: competition over Sicily

  2: Hannibal avenges the defeat in the first war

  - attacks Italy through Spain and France, but is unable to take Rome

  3: Rome conquers Carthage, burns city, and forces survivors into slavery
• What was the policy toward the people of defeated lands and was it lenient?

  Yes

  -exempt from taxation

  -allowed to govern own internal affairs

  -right to trade in Rome

  -right to marry Roman spouses

  -must provide soldiers and military support
• Who is the power in the Italian peninsula in fourth century BCE?

  Rome
• Who served in the army?

  Male citizens owning a specified amount of land
• How did Roman religion form?

  When Romans came into contact with the Greeks, they equated their major dieties with their Gods
• Could women own property?

  They could own property but only after their husband died