The process of genetic engineering

• Variation in species can be generated by genetics
• Mutations arise spontaneously and can sometimes lead to genetic disorders or death
• Genes can be inserted into a genome through genetic engineering
• The main steps of genetic engineering:

  • Enzymes are used to isolate the required gene, which is inserted into a vector (bacterial plasmid or virus)
  • The vector inserts the gene into required cells
  • The genes are transferred to animal, plant or microorganism cells during early development, allowing them to develop with the desired characteristics
• Genetic engineering of insulin:

  • Diagram shows how the genetic engineering of insulin works