Chapter 3

• Eyepiece has a 10x and is the part where you look into the microscope. 
• Objective Lens is the lens that can adjusted using the nose, it can be 4x, 10x, 40x and 100x. 
• Arm is used as a handle to hold the microscope with. 
• Base the part of the microscope that is layed down and is used as a support when carrying the microscope. 
• Tube is the part of the microscope that connects the ocular lens to the objective lens. 
• Stage is where the slide rests, has a hole in the middle of glass that allows light to pass through the slide. 
• Coarse Objective knob brings the slide up and down in a fast pace, can be used for 4x and 10x. 
• Fine adjustment knob adjust the view of the slide slightly allowing for fine details to be visible. Can be used in 4x,10x,40x and 100x. 
• Diaphram is used to adjust the amount of light entering the microscope. 
• The bright field microscope has light pass through a specimen, this allows for the surroundings to be lighter than the specimen. Can be used for live, unstained, stained and preserved specimens. 
• Staining allows for the specimen to be viewed clearly and allows for components of the specimen to be visible. 
• • 1000um=1mm 
  • 1000nm=1um
• • Magnification is where the image of a specimen is enlarged. Is calculated to be Ocular lens magnification x Objective lens magnification. Magnification can be adjusted by changing the objective lens. 
• • Resolution the minimum distance required in order to distinguish between 2 objects. To increase the resolution you can add oil and use light that has short wavelength. 
• Contrast is difference between light and dark. This can be adjusted on the microscope with the diaphragm. 
• Eukaryotic cells are 10um-100um. 
• Bacteria are 1-10um
• Viruses are 10-200nm.
• • To fix a slide you first create the slide with either a liquid or solid specimen. 
  • In solid specimens you put 1 drop of distilled water on the slide, then take a small amount of the specimen and mix until the liquid is cloudy. 
  • In liquid specimens you put 4-5 loopfuls of the liquid onto the slide. 
  • After the both types are dry you pass the bottom side of the slide over the flame twice.
• A pure culture allows for scientists to study the effects of one species without other species having an effect on the species. 
• You can create a pure culture in a mixed culture with a selective media which inhibits the growth of some bacteria and allows for the growth of others. 
• Light microscopy uses electrical light for a light source, and has a wavelength of 380-750nm. 
• Electron microscopes use a electron beam as a light source, the wavelength is 0.5nm and have a magnification of 1,000,000x-50,000,000x. 
• A colony is a group of bacteria that is all one species that grows on an agar plate. 
• The agar plate is a groundup seaweed that solidifies the bacteria and allows them to reproduce. 
• Agar is non-nutritive but feeds the bacteria to allow them to reproduce, also it does not dissolve so it offers a solid medium to allow for growth. 
• Doubling time is the time where a parent cell creates 2 daughter cells. Incubation time must be longer than double time in order to have colonies. 
• Culture is the resulting growth of a microbe on a medium in inoculation. 
• Inoculum is a small sample of a microbe. 
• Media supports the growth of microbes. 
• Generation time also known as double time is when 1 cell divides into 2 cells. 
• Isolation of microbes is where a group of microbes are thinned out and isolated.