Chapter 4

• Cell wall allows the bacteria to remain it’s shape and provides structural support. 
• Cell membrane allows for selective permeability of the transport of acquired nutrients and eliminates waste. Also allows for metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis. 
• LPS is a permeability barrier for antibiotics, contributes to negtive charge on cell, and contributes to outer membrane in gram negative bacteria. 
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. 
• Cytoplasm is a liquid medium that is part of the internal structure of a bacteria. 
• The capsule is a network of polysaccharides which aids in attachment to solid surfaces, holds water and nutrients, prevents desiccation, hleps form biofilms, prevents phagocytosis, and excludes viruses. 
• Endospores are dormant cells that are created from vegetative cells due to starvation. Are able to withstand hostile environments such as heat, drying, radiation and chemicals. Is “immoral”
• Flagella allow for mobility and transport of a bacteria. 
• Fimbriae are short thin like projections from the surface of a bacteria that attach to surfaces in the environment. 
• Chromosome is double stranded DNA that is in a circular strand with no membrane but within a nucleoid. 
• Plasmid is a extrachromosomal DNA that is non essential, is circular and double stranded but exists as a survival advantage. 
• If a cell wall was destroyed it would ruin the cell structure and the cell would die. 
• Destroying the cell membrane would result in the cell bein g destoryed because homeostasis cannot be maintained. 
• If the LPS was lost the charge of the bacteria would be positive which is not correct so the cell would die. 
• Ribsosomes if they are lost cause protien sysnthesis to stop.
• The loss of the capsule would result in it being not resistant to antibiotics so it would not cause any harm. 
• If the cytoplasm was lost the bacteria would die. 
• The bacteria can survive without endospores. 
• Without flagella the bacteria would not be able to move.
• • Fimbriae if lost will prevent the bacteria from attaching to a host cell. 
• Bacteria cannot exist without DNA and chromosomes. 
• Plasmids are not necessary for a bacteria to have. 
• • Internal
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosome
  • Ribosome
  • Endospore
  • Plasmid
• • Boundry
  • Outer membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
• • Appendage
  • Pilli
  • Fimbrae
  • Flagella
• Endospores are involved in the persistence of pathogens in humans, and can cause surgical wound infections. Are resistant to antibiotics and can be used for bioterriorism. 
• Flagella since they allow for mobility their function leads to the invasion of bacteria into human cells. 
• LPS is important medically because it can make the cell resistant to antibiotics. 
• The capsule allows bacteria to adhere to cells and not be affected by a cell’s immune system. 
• Plasmids are a survival mechanism which can encode for a bacteria to antibiotic resistant. 
• Gram positive cells have a thick cell wall that has peptoglycan that is negatively charged with allows for the dye to adhere to it.
• Gram negative cells have a outer membrane, and a thin cell wall with a thin layer of peptoglycan. The outer surface is negatively charged as well but dissolves when ethanol washes away the dye. This allows for the peptodiglycan to be turned red when the surfan is placed on. 
• • Gram Negative
  • Thin cell wall
• • Gram Postive
  • Thin cell wall
  • Gram Negative 
  • Thick cell wall
  • Outer Membrane
  • Both 
  • Cell wall
  • Peptoidoglycan
  • Negative charge on the surface which is used for positively charged dyes
• Endospores are immortal but created based on starvation so they are not alive. 
• • List the structures that are common to all bacteria
  • Chromosome
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosome
  • Cell Membrane