third republic to present

• The Roxas Administration, which lasted from May 28, 1946 to April 15, 1948, was the first presidency of the independent Republic of the Philippines.
• President Manuel Roxas reorganized the government and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative program to solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period.
• The Roxas Administration was marred by graft and corruption, and the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing Hukbalahap (Huk) movement in the countryside.
• President Roxas' heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.
• Basic social problems, particularly in the rural areas, remained unsolved during Quirino's administration.
• Quirino's administration was tainted by widespread graft and corruption.
• The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 - December 30, 1953) aimed to strengthen the people's confidence in the government and restore peace.
• The Quirino Administration achieved notable post-war reconstruction, general economic gains, and increased economic aid from the United States.
• President Elpidio Quirino travelled around the country to inspect the condition of the nation.
• The Magsaysay Administration (December 30, 1953 - March 17, 1957) aimed to help the rural masses and focused on meeting and communicating with the people.
• In his first Executive Order, President Ramon Magsaysay established the Presidential Complaint and Action Commission, which investigated various citizen complaints and recommended remedial actions through different government agencies.
• The Commission served to boost the nation's confidence with its government and was seen as a fulfilment of President Magsaysay's promise, stated in his inaugural address, to become a President for the people.
• The principles of the Magsaysay administration were codified in the Magsaysay Credo, and became the theme of leadership and public service.
• The Garcia Administration (March 18, 1957 - December 30, 1961) promoted the "Filipino First" policy, whose focal point was to regain economic independence; a national effort by Filipinos to "obtain major and dominant participation in their economy."
• The Garcia administration campaigned for the citizens' support in patronizing Filipino products and services, and implemented import and currency controls favourable for Filipino industries.
• In connection with the government's goal of self-sufficiency was the "Austerity Program," which President Carlos P. Garcia described in his first State of the Nation Address as "more work, more thrift, more productive investment, and more efficiency" that aimed to mobilize national savings.
• The Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act No. 301, aimed to prevent corruption, and promote honesty and public trust.
• The Macapagal Administration (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965) aimed to eradicate corruption, and promised honesty in his presidency.
• President Diosdado Macapagal emphasized the responsibilities and goals to be attained in the "new era" that was the Macapagal administration.
• President Macapagal aimed at self-sufficiency and the promotion of every citizen's welfare, through the partnership of the government and private sector, and to alleviate poverty by providing solutions for unemployment.
• In the field of foreign relations, the Philippines became a founding member of Maphilindo, through the Manila Accord of 1963.
• Aquino was tasked with rebuilding a nation devastated by the rule of Ferdinand Marcos.
• Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino was the 11th president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of the country.
• Aquino commissioned a referendum to establish a new government, addressing issues such as shifting from presidential to parliamentary and economic reforms.
• The new charter, released in February 1987, was approved by the public and established steadier governance in the Philippines.
• Fidel V Ramos took office in 1992 and focused on the country's recovery, implementing the Social Reform Agenda to alleviate poverty.
• Ramos received the first UNESCO Peace Award given to an Asian and was known as the 'Centennial' President for overseeing the 100th anniversary of the country's independence from Spanish rule.
• The last president of the Third Republic of the Philippines was President Ferdinand E. Marcos.
• Prior to the events of Martial Law, the first term of the Marcos administration, as emphasized in his inaugural address on December 30, 1965, focused on "the revival of the greatness of the nation."
• President Marcos was the first president to be re-elected, in 1969, although the election was tainted by violence and allegations that Marcos used the treasury to fund his campaign.
• Significant protests, such as the First Quarter Storm, the communist and Moro insurgencies, and civil unrest, heightened during the Marcos administration.
• In 1972, President Marcos declared martial law and suspended the constitution.
• A new constitution calling for a semi-presidential government was approved in 1973, but President Marcos still ruled by decree until 1978, when the Interim Batasang Pambansa was elected.
• Despite the election of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, opposition groups, whose leaders mostly had already left in exile, boycotted the election, and President Marcos still allowed martial law to continue.
• President Marcos ended martial law in 1981, but opposition groups still boycotted the 1981 presidential election, which President Marcos easily won.
• Opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. was slain upon his return to the country in 1983.
• By the time President Marcos left office in 1986, the government was marred by alleged rampant corruption and allegations of human rights violations.
• The opposition participated in the 1984 parliamentary election and won several seats, but not enough to topple President Marcos' KBL.
• To counter growing opposition, President Marcos called a snap election in 1986, the opposition nominated Benigno's widow Corazon as their candidate.
• President Marcos was declared the winner, but the opposition refused to accept the result, alleging that the election was rigged.