DEVPSYCH L1

• Biological processes produce changes in an individual’s physical nature.
• Cognitive processes refer to changes in the individual’s thought, intelligence, and language.
• Socioemotional processes involve changes in the individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.
• Chronological age is the number of years that have elapsed since birth.
• Biological age is a person’s age in terms of biological health.
• Psychological age is an individual’s adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.
• Social age refers to connectedness with others and the social roles individuals adopt.
• The nature-nurture issue involves the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture.
• Correlational research describes the strength of relationship between two or more events or characteristics.
• Descriptive research aims to observe and record behavior.
• Longitudinal approach is a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
• Experimental research is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other factors are held constant.
• Cross-sectional approach is a research strategy that simultaneously compares individuals of different ages.
• Cohort effects are a type of research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more.
• Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences.
• The stability-change issue reflects the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change.
• The continuity-discontinuity issue focuses on the degree to which development involves either gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
• Psychoanalytic theories describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion.
• Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development includes the Oral Stage (0 – 1 ½), Anal Stage (1 ½ - 3), Phallic Stage (3 - 6), and Oedipus Stage (6 - 12).
• Freud theorized that experiences during the Oral Stage significantly influence personality development.
• Freud also linked oral behaviors to specific personality types in adulthood.
• Oral personalities are characterized by excessive eating, smoking, nail-biting, or becoming overly talkative, particularly when under stress.
• Anal personalities underwent a liberal toilet-training regime during the anal stage and are the people who want to share things with you in adulthood.
• Anal personalities are messy, disorganized, and rebellious.
• Ecological theory emphasizes environmental factors, with one theory created by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) holding that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
• The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts, such as the relation of family experiences to school experiences, school experiences to religious experiences, and family experiences to peer experiences.
• Laboratory research is a method for collecting data in life-span development research.
• According to Skinner, shy people learned to be shy as a result of experiences they had while growing up.
• The chronosystem consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances, such as divorce.
• Naturalistic research is a method for collecting data in life-span development research.
• Survey and interview are methods for collecting data in life-span development research.
• The microsystem is the setting in which the individual lives, including the person’s family, peers, school, and neighborhood.
• Bandura’s early research program focused heavily on observational learning, which is learning that occurs through observing what others do.
• For Skinner, development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes that are brought about by rewards and punishments.
• Case study is a method for collecting data in life-span development research.
• The macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live, referring to the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
• Modifications in an environment can help a shy person become more socially oriented.
• Standardized test has uniform procedures for administration and scoring.
• Observation is a method for collecting data in life-span development research.
• In Skinner’s (1938) view, rewards and punishments shape development.