Psychological Development Across A Lifespan

• Emotional development involves the ability to perceive and judge emotions, access and evoke emotions, comprehend emotional language, and regulate emotions.
• Attachment styles can be divided into to categories: secure and insecure.
• Insecure-avoidant is an insecure attachment style that means someone may find it difficult to form strong bonds, tend to dismiss their own emotions, and avoid depending on others or asking for help.
• Someone with an insecure-anxious attachment styles will heavily depend on others, and will seek others to 'complete them'.
• To have a secure attachment style means to be able to form healthy and strong emotional bonds, be independent, and have high levels of self-esteem and resilience.
• Cognitive development refers to the development of mental processes over a lifespane.
• Piaget's theory suggests there are four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+).
• Preoperational stage (2-7) - children begin to think symbolically, develop memory and imagination, and engage in make believe.
• Sensorimotor stage (0-2) - babies use senses and motor skills to explore objects around them.
• Concrete operational stage (7-11) - children develop logical thinking abilities and can perform simple operations like addition and subtraction.
• Social development: The development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others.
• Psychological Crisis: A point of tensions between an individual's capabilities and the desires to meet the expectations of society.
• Bandura created 5 stages of observational learning:

  1. Attention - See the behaviour.
  2. Retention - Remember the behaviour.
  3. Reproduction - Reproduce that behaviour.
  4. Motivation - Want to reproduce that behaviour.
  5. Reinforcement - See a positive consequence to be more likely to reproduce that behaviour.
• Schema is a mental idea of what something is and how to deal with it.
• Assimilation is taking new information and fitting into an existing schema.
• Accommodation is changing a schema to fit new information if it doesn't fit an existing schema.
• Formal operation stage (11+) - Able to use symbols related to abstract concepts and can come up with theories.