Sci-Math Review

• The heart is the organ that pumps blood to the different parts of the body.
• The human heart is a four-chambered heart located at the center of the chest and as big as one's clenched fist.
• The chambers of the heart consist of two atria and two ventricles.
• The heart chambers are partitioned by a muscular wall called septum.
• The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.
• The right atrium receives oxygen poor blood coming from all parts of the body; while the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood coming from the lungs.
• The ventricles are the pumping chambers of the heart.
• The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation; while the left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
• Blood moves from one place to another within the heart, there should be no backflowing of the blood.
• Flaps of tough muscles, called valves, prevent this from happening.
• The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; the pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle; the aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
• There are three kinds of blood vessels: Artery, Vein, Capillary.
• The arteries are thick-walled to cope with the high pressure of the blood flowing through it, most of the arteries in the body transports oxygen-rich blood that moves away from the heart.
• The arteries branch into smaller arteries until it becomes the smallest arteries, called arterioles.
• Veins have thinner walls as compared to arteries, this is the reason why they easily collapse when cut.
• Veins functionally convey blood coming from all parts of the body back to the heart.
• Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels; they are just one cell thick, this is the reason why exchange of materials such as gases and nutrients can easily take place between the blood and the cells.
• Capillaries are located between the arterioles and venules.
• Carbon compounds are usually known as organic compounds as all living things are made up of water and carbon.
• The origin of many organic compounds is that they are produced by living organisms.
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons that have only single bonds between carbon atoms.
• Alkenes are hydrocarbons that have at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
• Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
• Saturated hydrocarbons are represented by the formula CnH2n+2.
• Biodiversity refers to the existence of different species of organisms in a specific environment
• Types of Biodiversity:

  • Genetic Diversity: Sum of all genetic information in the genes
  • Species Diversity: Measure of the number of different species
  • Ecosystem Diversity: Measure of the number of different kinds of ecosystems
• Habitat loss:

  • The world is losing 137 species of plants, animals, and insects every day to deforestation
  • 50,000 species become extinct each year
• Deforestation:

  • Thousands of marine animals depend on coral reefs for survival
  • Impacts include air pollution and water contamination
• Mining:

  • Mining permanently alters locations occupied by wildlife
  • Displaced wildlife face greater competition for resources
• Knife fish invasion in Laguna de Bay:

  • Clown Knife Fish is abundant in Laguna de Bay
  • Has razor-sharp teeth, bony tongue, and sharp gills
• Physical adaptations:

  • Body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and reproduce
  • Help an animal survive in its environment
• Camouflage:

  • Chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings
• Mimicry:

  • Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the Monarch butterfly
• Chemical defenses:

  • Include venom, ink, and sprays
• Body coverings & parts:

  • Examples include claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, and teeth
• Behavioral Adaptations:

  • Allow animals to respond to life needs
  • Animals have unique methods of adapting to their environment through different actions
• Instinctive behaviors:

  • Happen naturally and don't need to be learned
  • Include finding shelter, methods of gathering and storing food, defending oneself, raising young, hibernating, and migrating
• Learned behaviors:

  • Obtained by interacting with the environment and cannot be passed on to the next generation except by teaching
• There are 2 ways to describe adaptations: Physical and Behavioral