English

• LITERARY APROACH can also be called Literary Elements are the things that all literature—whether it's a news article, a book, or a poem—absolutely  have to have.
• Literary elements are the fundamental building blocks of writing
• FORMALISTIC / FORMALISM APPROACHES  - This approach regards literature as “a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms.”
• STRUCTIONALISM APPROACH - This approach studies systems or relationship that embedded in words and item, “and shows the way we think” (Guerin 369)
• Ferdinand de Saussure says that this approach attempts to study literature from objective perspective.
• While according to Claude Levi-Strauss, this approach studies the binary oppositions present in literary constructs and their interplay with the text.
• MORAL OR HUMANISTIC APPROACH - Literature is viewed to discuss man and its nature. It presents man as essentially rational, endowed with intellect and free will.
• SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH - Literature is viewed as the expression of man within a given social situation which is reduced to discussions on economics, in not, thus passing into “proleterian approach” which tends to underscore the conflict between two classes.
• HISTORICAL APPROACH - Literature is seen both as reflection and product of the times and circumstances in which it was written
• HISTORICAL APPROACH - This approach “seeks to understand a literary work by investigating the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced it
• CULTURAL APPROACH - Literature is seen as one of the manifestations and vehicles of a nation’s or race’s culture and tradition. It includes the entire complex of what goes under “culture”
• PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH - Literature is viewed as the expression of “personality,” of “inner drives,” of “neurosis.” It includes the psychology of the author, of the characters, and even, the psychology of creation.
• IMPRESSIONISTIC APPROACH - Literature is viewed to elucidate “reaction-response” which is considered as something very personal, relative, and fruitful.
• GENDER APPROACH - This approach “examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.”
• Feminist criticism attempts to correct this imbalance by analyzing and combatting such attitudes—by questioning
• gender criticism today includes a number of approaches, including the so-called “masculinist” approach recently advocated by poet Robert Bly
• MYTHOLOGICAL APPROACH - This approach emphasizes “the recurrent universal patterns underlying most literary works.” Combining the insights from anthropology, psychology, history, and comparative religion, mythological criticism
• READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM - This approach takes as a fundamental tenet that “literature” exists not as an artifact upon a printed page but as a transaction between the physical text and the mind of a reader. It attempts “to describe what happens in the reader’s mind
• DECONSTRUCTIONIST CRITICISM - This approach “rejects the traditional assumption that language can accurately represent reality.” Deconstructionist critics regard language as a fundamentally unstable medium—the words “tree” or “dog”
• According to critic Paul de Man, deconstructionists insist on “the impossibility of making the actual expression coincide with what has to be expressed, of making the actual signs.