Chap 2 - Psych Assessment

• • Affirmative action refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment
• • Alfred Binet introduced intelligence testing in France, the U.S. Public Health Service began using such tests to measure the intelligence of people seeking to immigrate to the United States
• • James McKeen Cattell is the psychologist who is credited with coining the term “mental test”
• • Charles Darwin argued that chance variation in species would be selected or rejected by nature according to adaptivity and survival value. 
• • The obligations of professionals to testtakers are set forth in a document called the Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education. 
• • code of professional ethics is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession. 
• • collectivist culture place value on traits such as conformity, cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals.
• • Confidentiality  may be distinguished from privilege in that, whereas “confidentiality concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings” 
• • Culture is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people”
• • culture-specific test or tests designed for use with people from one culture but not from another
• Discrimination may be defined as the disparate impact practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions.
• • disparate treatment  refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome. Possible motivations for disparate treatment include racial prejudice and a desire to maintain the status quo.
• disparate impact refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome.
• Ethics is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct.
• Eugenics is the science of improving qualities of a breed throug intervention with factors related to heredity
• Francis Galton pioneered the use of the statistical technique that Karl Pearson would later call correlation.
• • Henry H. Goddard  raised questions about how meaningful psychological tests are when used with people from various cultural and language backgrounds.
• • hired guns are professionals who corrupt the process by providing whatever professional opinion is desired by those who will pay their fees.
• individualist culture is characterized by value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness
• • Laws are rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole
• • Litigation is the the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature
• • minimum competency testing programs are formal testing programs designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education
• • Christiana D. Morgan and Henry A. Murray collaborate on what was originally called the Morgan-Murray Thematic Apperception Test. This tool of personality assessment entails showing pictures to assessees who are then prompted to make up stories in response to them.
• Karl Pearson made the most widely used of all is the Pearson r, also known as the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation.
• privacy right recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions
• • privileged information is a right to privacy provided by the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. The information withheld in such a manner is termed privileged; it is information that is protected by law from disclosure in a legal proceeding.
• • projective test t is one in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.
• • Psychoanalysis a theory of personality and psychological treatment developed by Sigmund Freud, symbolic significance is assigned to many nonverbal acts
• quota system a selection procedure whereby a fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds were selected
• • reverse discrimination may be defined as the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially,  ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions
• • Hermann Rorschach publishes papers on how analysis of patients’ artwork can provide insights into personality. 
• • Hermann Rorschach is an icon for psychological tests in the public eye: the Rorschach Inkblot test. 
• self-report refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors
• • Sputnik is the name given to the satellite that had the effect of galvanizing public and legislative opinion around the value of education in areas such as math, science, engineering, and physics.
• • standard of care is the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions
• • truth-in-testing legislation was also passed at the state level beginning in the 1980s. The primary objective of these laws was to give testtakers a way to learn the criteria by which they are being judged. 
• David Wechsler is the one who  introduced a test designed to measure adult intelligence.
• • Robert S. Woodworth was assigned the task of developing a measure of adjustment and emotional stability that could be administered quickly and efficiently to groups of recruits in world war 1
• • Assessment was also an important activity at the first experimental psychology laboratory, founded at the University of Leipzig in Germany by Wilhelm Max Wundt.
• • Charles Spearman is credited with originating the concept of test reliability as well as building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis.