The Chemical Composition of Plant Cells

• Hydrogen Bonds is formed when a covalently-bonded H+ is attracted to a negative-charged atom in a neighboring molecule.
• NUCLEOTIDE is the Building block of nucleic acid.
• Enantiomers are isomers which molecules are MIRROR IMAGES of each other
• Stereoisomers are molecules with the Same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in 3-dimension orientations
• Structural Isomers are molecules with Same constituent atoms but with different bonding patterns
• About 25 of the 92 natural elements are essential to life (about 16 for plants)
• These 4 elements are the MOST IMPORTANT or dominant: CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN
• Polarity and hydrogen bonding are the main factor why water is a universal solvent.
• The polarity of water makes it an excellent solvent for polar substances such as salts and sugars
• Water's ability to form hydrogen bonds allows it to dissolve many nonpolar compounds that would not be soluble in other liquids
• Aqueous Solutions - Dissolved Substance + Water
• All organic molecules contain carbon
• SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are derived from fossil fuels or plant materials, e.g. herbicides, pesticides.
• The 4 bonds in the Carbon bonding patterns are in the form of a tetrahedron or a triangular pyramid
• CONDENSATION SYNTHESIS is Monosaccharide and monosaccharide link together
• POLYMERIZATION is when monomer units join together by condensation reactions to produce polymers
• Made by linking two monosaccharides together.

  Dissacharide
• In a water molecule, oxygen has a partial negative charge
• In a water molecule, hydrogen has a partial positive charge
• Glucose and glucose forms Maltose
• Glucose and Fructose form sucrose
• Glucose and Galactose forms lactose
• Carbohydrate is a main energy source as it is EASY TO BREAKDOWN
• Starch is a stored form of carbohydrates