ENG 102 L3: Patterns of Development in Writing

• CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION


  This pattern of development divides people, places, or things into groups accroding to a criterion or criteria or standards
• The four basic characteristics of classification and division:

  1.It makes sense of a group of people or things by sorting them into useful categories.

  2.It has a purpose for sorting.

  3.It includes categories that follow a single organizing principle (for example. to sort by size, by price, an so on)

  4.It gives detailed examples or explenations of things that fit into each category.
• Comparison and contrast


  This pattern of development develops a text by descriptive comparison and contrast of two people, events, ideas, and things in the same class.
• Point-by-point


  1.First characteristic

  a.of subject A

  b.of subject B

  2.Second characteristic

  a.of subject A

  b.of subject B

  3.Third characteristic

  a.of subject A

  b.of subject B
• Whole-to-whole (block)


  1.Subject A

  a.First characteristic of A

  b.Second characteristic of A

  c.Third characteristic of A (and so on)

  2.Subject B

  a.First characteristic of B

  b.Second characteristic of B

  c.Third characteristic of B (and so on)
• Signal words for comparison

  -also -in the same way

  -as -like

  -both -likewise

  -equally -similarly

  -in a similar fashion -to compare

  -in comparison
• Signal words for contrast

  -although -instead

  -and yet -however

  -as opposed to -nevertheless

  -but -nonetheless

  -conversely -on the contrary

  -counter to -on the other hand

  -despite -otherwise

  -even so -still

  -even though -the fact remains

  -in contrast -unlike

  -in spite of -whereas

  -in the meantime -yet
• The four basic characteristics of comparison and contrast

  1.It has subjects (usually two) that are enough alike to be usefully compared or contrasted.

  2.It serves a purpose to help readers either to make a decision about two subjects or understand them.

  3.It gives several points of comparison and/or contrast.

  4.It uses one of two organizations (point-by-point or whole-to-whole)
• Classification Signal Words

  • another (group, kind, type)

  • first (group, category, kind, type)

  • characteristics

  • second (group, class, kind, type)
• Division Signal Words


  • divided into (sections, divisions, etc)

  • categorizedinto

  • segments

  • types of

  • classes
• DEFINITION

  This pattern makes the meaning of a word or idea clear by using simple and understandable language.
• TYPES OF DEFINITION

  1. Synonym
  2. Intensive definition
  3. Extensive definition
• Synonym

  e.g. adept--skillful; pretty--beautiful
• Intensive Definition

  word + class + distinguishing feature e.g. A chair is a furniture used for sitting
• Extensive Definition

  extends the one-sentence definition by amplifying it into a paragraph.

  e.g.

  A smartphone is a cell phone with important extra features. Like many of today’s interactive electronic devices, it has a touch screen which increases the flexibility of the interface. Unlike ordinary cell phones, it can connect to the Internet through a Wi-Fi or 3G wireless connection. The smartphone is a powerful combination of several important mobile devices.
• SIGNAL WORDS FOR DEFINITION

  • is defined as
  • means
  • to define
  • as defined as
  • refers to
  • to illustrate
• THE FOUR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DEFINITION

  1. It tells readers what is being defined.
  2. It gives examples to explain the definition.
  3. It includes the distinguishing characteristics that make the term different from other members of its class.
  4. It gives details about the examples that readers will understand.
• EXEMPLIFICATION

  This pattern uses examples and/or illustration to show, explain, or prove a point.
• SIGNAL WORDS FOR EXEMPLIFICATION

  after all

  as an example

  consider the following

  for example

  for instance

  in other words

  in particular

  in short

  namely

  put another way

  specifically

  stated differently

  that is

  to be specific

  to clarify

  to illustrate
• THE FOUR BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF EXEMPLIFICATION

  1. It has a main point to illustrate.
  2. It gives details to support the examples.
  3. It gives specific examples to show, explain, or prove the point.
  4. It uses enough examples to get the point across.
• Cause and effect

  This PATTERN talks about the cause, which makes something happen, and an effect, which is what happens as a result of something.
• Signal words for cause

  • as
  • because (of the fact)
  • being that
  • due to (the fact that)
  • for
  • for the
  • reason that
  • in that
  • in view of (the fact)
  • in as much as
  • one reason
  • seeing that since
  • owing to
• Signal words for effect

  • accordingly
  • as a consequence
  • as a result (of this)
  • because (of this)
  • consequently
  • for this reason
  • hence
  • in consequence
  • so
  • so much (so)
  • that
  • so that
  • therefore
  • thus
• Four CHARACTERISTICS of CAUSE AND EFFECT

  1. The main point reflects the writer’s purpose – to explain causes, effects, or both.
  2. If the purpose is to explain causes, it gives real causes, not just things that happened before.
  3. If the purpose is to explain effects, it gives real effects, not just things that happened after.
  4. It gives readers detailed examples or explanations of the causes and/or effects.
• Process Analysis

  this PATTERN gives A STEP BY STEP INSTRUCTION ON HOW TO MAKE SOMETHING.
• TWO WAYS OF PRESENTING A PROCESS:

  • Directional

  • Informative
• Signal words for process analysis

  • first
  • next
  • to start
  • at the end
  • second
  • after
  • later
• FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF PROCESS ANALYSIS

  1. It tells readers either how to do the steps of the process or how something works or is done.
  2. It includes the major steps in the process.
  3. It explains each step in detail.
  4. It presents the steps in the order they happen (time order).