Reproduction: Plants & Animals

• Reproduction

  Process which new individuals are produced, genetic material is passed from parent to offspring.
• There are two types of reproduction: asexual and sexual.
• Asexual reproduction involves one parent only.
• Parthenogenesis


  also called "virgin birth", where in females produce eggs without fertilization
• Sporulation


  Spores are carried by wind/water to produce young organisms
• Budding


  bud breaks off the parent and to grow as a new organism. For this to happen, there must be an overgrowth
• fragmentation


  also called as "regeneration", the parent body breaks and each piece will grow into new individuals
• Binary fission

  unicellular organisms divide via mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells
• vegetative propagation


  produce new plants from different vegetative structures.
• stolons


  also called as "runners". Grow horizontally giving rise to roots and aerial (vertical) branches at specialized points called nodes
• bulb


  plants develop modified leaves that have layers
• rhizome


  has an underground storage and modified roots.
• tuber


  plant parts that are enlarged to form storage containers that the plants use to hold nutrients that allow them to feed their offspring
• corm


  enlarged underground stems that store food for the plant during dormancy
• suckers


   stems or new shoots growing up from the ground or around the base of a tree
• Sexual reproduction is the fusion of sperm and egg nuclei to form a zygote
• An embryo has a differentiation and develops
• External fertilization occurs outside the parents and usually occurs in aquatic environments.
• Internal fertilization, or copulation, is when the sperm penetrates the egg and fertilizes.
• Oviparity


  the mother lays egg and the development happens outside. Nutrients come from the yolk and there is an independent nutrition
• Ovoviviparity

  the egg is inside the parent and it hatches inside which gives the illusion of birth
• Viviparity


  the parent does not lay eggs. The young develops inside the parent and is depends on the parent for nutrition through the umbilical cord
• Angiosperm means double fertilization in flowering plants.
• Female parts of a flower are ovary, stigma, and style. They are under reproductive structure, carpel or pistil.
• The stigma is raised and sticky to help it catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary, which contains the egg.
• Male part of a plant is the anther where pollens are made.
• In double fertilization, a sperm cell will fertilize an egg and form a zygote(1), then it forms an endosperm (2).
• Spermatogenesis: the production or development of mature spermatozoa or sperm generation.
• Oogenesis: the production or development of an ovum. This is unique because egg cells won't go through meiosis 2 if they are not fertilized.
• Gymnosperms are found in non-flowering plants.