plant

• cell is the fundamental unit of life
• tissue is a group of cells consisting of one or more cell types that together perform a specialized function
• An organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions
• A root is an organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates and other reserves. T
• The primary root, originating in the seed embryo, is the first root (and the first organ) to emerge from a germinating seed.
• the taproot is the main vertical root
• root hairs

  
• prop root

  
• storage root

  
• pneumatophores

  
• buttress root

  
• strangling roots

  
• A stem is a plant organ bearing leaves and buds. Its chief function is to elongate and orient the shoot in a way that maximizes photosynthesis by the leaves
• Each stem consists of an alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached
• internodes is the stem segments between nodes
• most of the growth of a young shoot is concentrated near the growing shoot tip, or apical bud.
• the upper angle (axil) formed by each leaf and the stem is an axillary bud
• Tubers

  
• stolon

  
• rhizome

  
• In most vascular plants, the leaf is the main photosynthetic organ.
• the petiole, which joins the leaf to the stem at a node
• Monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leaves
• loose connective tissue, which binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.
• cuboidal epithelium is specialized for secretion
• Simple columnar epithelium are often found where secretion or active absorption is important
• Simple squamous epithelium is where diffusion of nutrients and gases is essential.
• stratified squamous epithelium is multilayered and regenerates rapidly
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium consists of a single layer of cells varying in height and the position of their nuclei.
• fibroblasts secrete fiber protein
• macrophages engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis
• The most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body is loose connective tissue, which binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.
• Fibrous connective tissue is dense with collagenous fibers. It is found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and in ligaments, which connect bones at joints
• The skeleton of most vertebrates is made of bone, a mineralized connective tissue.
• Adipose tissue is a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.
• Blood has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma, which consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins.
• Cartilage contains collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex called chondroitin sulfate
• The tissue responsible for nearly all types of body movement is muscle tissue
• Attached to bones by tendons, skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for voluntary movements
• Smooth muscle, which lacks striations, is found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal organs.