NCM 103A Quiz 1

• Health

  Complete physical, mental, and social

  well-being and not merely the absence of

  disease or Infirmity (WHO)
• Health

  Ability to maintain homeostasis (Walter

  Cannon)
• Traditionally health has been defined in

  terms of the presence or absence of

  disease.
• A state of being well and using every

  power the individual possesses to the

  fullest extent (Florence Nightingale)
• Health

  a dynamic state of being in which the

  developmental and behavioral potential

  (possible) of an individual is realized to the

  fullest extent possible
• Wellness

  State of well-being
• Wellness

  An integrated method of functioning which

  is oriented toward maximizing the potential

  of which the individual is capable.
• Well-Being

  Described objectively, experienced,

  measured
• Well-Being

  Subjective perception of vitality and feeling

  well
• Well-Being is can be plotted in the continuum
• Continuum (highest to lowest)

  1. Highest Health Potential
  2. Good Health
  3. Normal Health
  4. Mild Illness
  5. Illness or Prior to Health
  6. Critical Illness
  7. Death
• Dimensions of Wellness

  1. Social
  2. Emotional
  3. Physical
  4. Spiritual
  5. Intellectual
  6. Occupational
  7. Environmental
• Physical

  • Ability to carry out daily tasks

  • Achieve Fitness

  • Maintain nutrition

  • Avoid abuses
• Social

  • Interact successfully

  • Develop and maintain intimacy

  • Develop respect and tolerance for others
• Emotional

  • Ability to manage stress

  • Ability to express emotion
• Intellectual

  • Ability to learn

  • Ability to use information effectively
• Spiritual

  • Belief in some

  force that serves

  to unite human

  beings and

  provide meaning

  and purpose of

  life
• Occupational

  • Ability to achieve

  balance between

  work and leisure
• Environmental

  • Ability to

  promote health

  measure that

  improves

  – Standard of

  living

  – Quality of life
• Smith’s Model of Health

  – Clinical Model

  – Role Performance Model

  – Adaptive Model

  – Eudemonistic Model
• 
  

  -Clinical Model

  • Provides the narrowest interpretation of

  health

  • People viewed as physiologic systems

  • Health identified by the absence of signs

  and symptoms of disease or injury

  • State of not being “sick”

  • Opposite of health is disease or injury
• 
  

  -Role Performance Model

  • Ability to fulfill societal roles

  • Healthy even if clinically ill if roles fulfilled

  • Sickness is the inability to perform one’s

  role
• 
  

  -Adaptive Model

  • Creative Process

  • Disease is a failure in adaptation or

  maladaptation

  • Extreme good health is a flexible adaptation

  to the environment

  • Focus is stability

  • Element of growth and change
• –Eudemonistic Model

  • Comprehensive view of health

  • Condition of actualization or realization of

  a person’s potential

  • Illness is a condition that prevents

  self-actualization

  • Actualization is the apex of the fully

  developed personality
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  A motivational theory in

  psychology comprising

  a five-tier model of

  human needs
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  The first four levels are

  often referred to as

  deficiency needs

  (D-needs), and the top

  level is known as

  growth or being needs

  (B-needs).
• Leavell and Clark’s Agent-

  Host-Environment Model

  (Ecologic Model)

  • Each factor constantly

  interacts with the

  others

  • When in balance,

  health is maintained

  • When not in balance,

  disease occurs
• Health-Illness Continuum

  Measure person’s perceived level of wellness
• Health-Illness Continuum

  • Composed of two arrows pointing in

  opposite directions and joined at a neutral

  point
• Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)

  • Concerned with what people perceive

  about themselves in relation to their health
• Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)

  Consider perceptions (influences

  individuals motivation toward results)

  – Perceived susceptibility

  – Perceived seriousness

  – Perceived benefit out of the action
• Factors Affecting Health Status,

  Beliefs, and Practices

  • Internal variables

  • External variables
• Internal Variables

  • Biologic dimension (genetic makeup,

  gender, age, and developmental level)

  • Psychologic dimension (mind-body

  interactions and self-concept)

  • Cognitive dimension (intellectual factors

  include lifestyle choices and spiritual and

  religious beliefs)
• External Variables

  • Physical environment

  • Standards of living

  • Family and cultural beliefs

  • Social support networks
• Illness

  Person’s physical, emotional, intellectual,

  social, developmental, or spiritual

  functioning is diminished
• Illness

  Not synonymous with disease

  May or may not be related to disease
• Disease

  Alteration in body function

  A reduction of capacities or a shortening of

  the normal life span
• The causation of a disease is called its

  etiology.
• Acute Illness

  Characterized by severe symptoms of

  relatively short duration

  Symptoms often appear abruptly, subside

  quickly
• Chronic Illness

  Lasts for an extended period

  Usually has a slow onset