Biology

• Biological principles include understanding the physical, chemical, and cellular basis of life.
• Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in all living things.
• Carbohydrates are a major source of energy and include sugars and starches made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
• Plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure within the cells.
• The wealth of a country or municipality is the total value of all goods and services produced in the country or municipality.
• The amount of precipitation is the amount of precipitation in a given area.
• Substitution programs are programs that aim to substitute imported goods with domestically produced goods.
• The rate of industrial, urban, and infrastructure development is the rate at which industrial, urban, and infrastructure development is occurring.
• Renewable or nonrenewable status refers to whether a resource is renewable or nonrenewable.
• Capita consumption refers to the consumption of goods and services per capita.
• Pollution or degradation of land is the pollution or degradation of land in a given area.
• Proteins are nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino acids.
• Industry, manufacturing, and commercialism are sectors of the economy.
• Results are expected, not actual; results based on chance.
• 20 amino acids can combine to form a great variety of protein molecules.
• Fertilization must occur at random.
• A dihybrid cross contains sixteen boxes; a dihybrid cross reveals two traits for both parents; a cross between two heterozygous individuals would reveal a 9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio in the offspring.
• The probability that the offspring will show a dominant phenotype is ¾, or 75%.
• A karyotype is used to identify gender or chromosomal abnormalities.
• A monohybrid cross contains four boxes; a cross between two heterozygous individuals would reveal a 1:2:1 genotype ratio and a 3:1 phenotype ratio in the offspring; the probability that the offspring will show a dominant phenotype is ¾, or 75%.
• Proteins can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components.
• Results predicted by probability are more likely to be seen when there is a large number of offspring.
• A Field Study requires the collection of data and the analysis of data through graphs, charts, diagrams, etc.
• Observations in an Ecology Field Study might include temperature recordings, location, soil description, number and kinds of plants and animals, food source(s), rainfall amount, change in growth, interactions between organisms, identification of organisms into genus and species, temperature variations from morning to afternoon to night, light levels (at different times of day), sound levels (at different times of day), photographs, diagrams of levels (ground level, canopy level, etc.) and the animals and plants at each level, water sampling, quadrant studies, graphs of growth.
• Extinction is the disappearance of a species when the last of its members die.
• Microevolution refers to the changes in a species through adaptations over time.
• Endangered Species is a term used when the number of individuals in a species falls so low that extinction is possible.
• Alternation of Generations is a type of life cycle found in some algae, fungi, and all plants where an organism alternates between a haploid (n) gametophyte generation and a diploid (2n) sporophyte generation.
• Ecology Field Study involves using specific methods and procedures to study plants and animals in their natural setting, and to observe interrelationships of living and non-living factors in a specific habitat.
• A Field Study also requires the recording of all observations, data, etc.
• Lipids are water-insoluble (fats and oils) and are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acid.
• Humans are classified in the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Homidae, Genus Homo, and Species Homo sapiens.
• Eukaryotes contain a clearly defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles.
• Eukaryotes are multicellular, aerobic, and photosynthetic, and can be either decomposers or producers.
• Prokaryotes have their nuclear material in the center of the cell, but it is not enclosed by a nuclear membrane, and they have no membrane-bound organelles.
• Dichotomous keys are devices used to aid in identifying a biological specimen, offering two alternatives at each juncture, each choice determining the next step, and can be used for field identification of species, as found in field guides by focusing on practical characteristics.
• Lipids provide insulation, store energy, cushion internal organs, and are found in biological membranes.
• Viruses are not considered living organisms and are composed of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, using living cells to replicate viral nucleic acid, and infecting a living cell when the virus injects its nucleic acid into the host cell.
• Heterotrophic eukaryotes can be either sexual or asexual and have an alternation of generations.
• Eukaryotes lack chlorophyll and are either pathogenic or saprophytic/parasitic.