ch 2 ppt

• A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
• The components of a solution are:

  • The solute is the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)
  • The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount
• Chemists characterize solutions by their capacity to dissolve a solute
• Types of solutions:

  • Saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in each solvent at a specific temperature
  • Unsaturated solution: contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature
  • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature
• Three types of interactions in the solution process:

  • Solvent-solvent interaction
  • Solute-solute interaction
  • Solvent-solute interaction
• Substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other

  • Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
  • Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
  • Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
• Depending on the nature of the solute, the solution can be an electrolyte solution or nonelectrolyte solution

  • An electrolyte solution can conduct electricity
  • A nonelectrolyte solution does not conduct electricity
  • Strong electrolyte solutions have 100% dissociation, while weak electrolyte solutions are not completely dissociated
• Common concentration units used in analytical chemistry:

  • Percent by mass
  • Percent by volume
  • Molarity
  • Parts per million
  • Parts per billion
  • Normality
  • p-Functions
• Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution
• Stoichiometry is the mass relationships among reacting chemical species
• A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
• The components of a solution are:

  • The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)
  • The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount
• Chemists characterize solutions by their capacity to dissolve a solute
• Types of solutions:

  • Saturated solution: contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in each solvent at a specific temperature
  • Unsaturated solution: contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature
  • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature
• Three types of interactions in the solution process:

  • Solvent-solvent interaction
  • Solute-solute interaction
  • Solvent-solute interaction
• Substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other
• Depending on the nature of the solute, the solution can be an electrolyte solution or nonelectrolyte solution
• Preparation of Solutions
• Common concentration units used in analytical chemistry:

  • Percent by mass
  • Percent by volume
  • Molarity
  • Parts per million
  • Parts per billion
  • Normality
  • p-Functions
• Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution
• Stoichiometry is defined as the mass relationships among reacting chemical species