Text as Connected Discourse

• A formal and often lengthy discussion of a topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized and logical manner.

  Discourse
• Purposes of a discourse.

  to inform, to persuade, to entertain
• What are the factors that explain the author’s biases, philosophy, and educational and professional backgrounds, among others?

  Culture, Social Environment, and Experiences
• The beliefs, customs, attitudes, language, and other things that define ______ may influence the author’s perspective on several issues.

  Culture
• The author’s physical surroundings and social relationships, as well as the culture of the time, may have influenced his or her writing.

  Social Environment
• Personal accounts or first-hand experience of events, though subjective, establish the credibility and reliability of information presented in any discourse.

  Experiences
• Types of Discourse

  Argumentation, Description, Exposition, and Narration
• This type of discourse is like storytelling. It recalls events chronologically. It is told in the first, second, or third-person point of view.

  Narration
• What format does a linear structure follow?

  Beginning, middle, and end
• Where does a nonlinear structure start?

  from the end or in the middle
• In this type of discourse, the writer aims to persuade the audience or readers. He or she presents valid claims or counterclaims, each supported by evidence, to prove a point.

  Argumentation
• This type of discourse is based on the main impression of the author about the topic or subject.

  Description
• This aims to inform, clarify, and explain a phenomenon. It defines what something is and provides an in-depth discussion about topics that are usually less explored.

  Exposition
• Generally focused on creative works, including nonfiction. Also, it includes texts that are used strictly for business communication.

  Literary Discourse
• Three types of literary discourse.

  Poetic, Expressive, and Transactional
• This type of discourse is commonly found in creative works like poems, novels, short stories, and plays. It focuses on how language is used to form themes and convey ideologies.

  Poetic
• This type of discourse is commonly found in academic journals, letters, diaries, and blogs. It is a personal narrative and is typically written in the first-person point of view.

  Expressive
• This type of discourse is commonly found in instructional materials, advertisements, and editorial articles, among others. It is directive in nature as it provides detailed information on how something is done or achieved.

  Transactional
• Expository or argumentative in nature. Sometimes, it presents an individual’s insights regarding a concept or method in a scholarly way.

  Academic Discourse
• Where academic discourses may vary depending on the approved or recommended style guide to use.

  Structures or Formats
• General structure or formats of an academic discourse.

  Introduction, Body, and Conclusion
• In this part, the writer states the significance of the topic and the issues that need to be addressed. Also, the writer mentions the objectives of the discourse and how it may be beneficial or detrimental.

  Introduction
• In this part, the writer discusses the methods of gathering information. He or she then presents the findings and interprets them. Moreover, he or she formulates arguments and supports them with evidence.

  Body
• In this part, the writer reiterates the claims and asserts his or her stand. He or she may include insights and recommendations for further studies.

  Conclusion