QUIZ 4

• Plasma cell: fully differentiated B cell.
• Bone marrow & thymus: classified as the primary or central lymphoid tissues and are active in lymphopoiesis.
• Spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches :secondary lymphoid tissues
• Stages of lymphocyte development. Earliest to mature.

  Lymphoblast

  Prolymphocyte

  Mature lymphocyte
• the further transformation of immunoblast produces plasma cells or small sensitized committed lymphocytes that is called memory cell.
• Binucleated lymphocyte: these cells are seen in viral infections if more than 5% its is suggestive of either lymphocytic leukemia or leukosarcoma.
• Rieder cells: similar to normal lymphocytes except that the nucleus s notched lobulated and clover leaf like. They occur in CLL or can be artificially produced through blood smear preparation.
• Vacuolated lymphocytes: frequently associated with Niemann-pick disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Hurlers syndrome, and Burkitts lymphoma. Vacuoles can also be seen in these variant lymphocytes and as a reaction to viral infection, radiation, and chemotherapy.
• Smudge cells: a natural artifact produced in the preparation of a blood smear. They represent the bare nuclei of lymphocyte and neutrophils. Increase fragility of cells contributes to the increased percentage of this cells.
• T lymphocytes: responsible for cellular immune responses and are involved in the regulation of antibody reaction by either helping or suppressing the activation of B lymphocytes. It protects humans against infection by mediating intracellular pathogens that are viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoans. These cells are responsible for chronic rejection in organ transplantation.
• B lymphocytes: it serves as the primary source of cells responsible for humoral or antibody response. Its participation with the humoral immune response is accomplished by their transformation into plasma cells with subsequent synthesis and secretion of immune antibodies or immunoglobulins. They aid in body defense against encapsulated bacteria such as streptococci. The condition of hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs is mediated by these cells.
• Plasma cells: the function of these cells is the synthesis and excretion of immunoglobulins or antibodies. They are not normally found in the circulating blood but are found in the bone marrow in concentrations that do not normally exceed 2%. They arise as the end stage of B cell differentiation into a large, activated cell.
• Mott cell / grape cell: a form of plasma cell in which the cytoplasm is completely filled with Russell bodies.
• Flame cells: a form of plasma cell in which the cytoplasm stains a bright red color. It contains increased quantities of glycogen or intracellular deposit of….
• Infectious mononucleosis: usually an acute benign and cell-limiting lymphoproliferative condition caused by EBV.
• CMV: dissemination of the virus can occur by oral, respiratory, and venereal routes. It can also be transmitted parenterally by organ transplantation or viral transfusion of fresh blood.
• Toxoplasmosis: the definitive host is the house cat and certain other Felidae. Domestic cats absorb a disease produced oocyst that are present in their feces accidental ingestion of oocyst by human and animals including the cat. Produces a proliferative infection in the body tissues.
• Di George syndrome: in number of T and B cells defects involve the alteration of sublymhocytes  subpopulationase. Patients with this syndrome exhibit a decrease in total T lymphocytes coupled with an increase ratio of helper suppressor cells.
• SLE: a classic model of all immune disease that will affect practically every organ of the body. It is a systematic rheumatic disorder a name commonly used for the disorders of the joint, connective tissues, and collagen vascular disorders. It occurs primarily in adolescence and young adult female and may be present for years before a diagnosis is made. This disorder is a times more common in female that in the males.
• LE cell test: the classic but now outdated test for SLE. The cell is either normal segmented neutrophil or another phagocytic cell that are involved in homogenous swollen nucleus of either a neutrophil or a lymphocyte.
• Anti neutrophilic antibody test: this procedure is a valuable screening tool for SLE and has virtually replaced LE cell test because of its wider range of reactivity with neutrophilic antibodies.