py 253: quizzes & poll everywhere

• which subdiscipline of neuroscience focuses on the study of brain disorders?

  neuropathology
• the primary symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

  severe memory loss
• which animal welfare questions must one consider as they design an experiment with animals?

  is the research necessary? will the experiment cause pain or distress? will the animals be housed in standard or impoverished conditions?
• what distinguishes biopsychology from the other subdisciplines of neuroscience?

  its focus on the study of behavior
• the structure of the nervous system is to function of the nervous system as

  neuroanatomy is to neurphysiology
• true or false: humans, vertebrates, mammals, and the Florida walking catfish are chordates

  true
• which species has a brain larger than the human brain?

  whales and elephants
• if an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, it can be concluded that

  each parent had at least one recessive gene for that trait
• the study of animal behavior in the wild is known as

  ethology
• birds and reptiles are

  chordates and vertebrates
• the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the

  brain
• between the front and parietal lobes is the

  central fissure
• the nose of a rat is

  medial and anterior
• myelin sheaths are produced by _____ in the central nervous system and by _____ in the peripheral nervous system

  oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells
• the lateral geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the

  thalamus
• the _____ nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord

  central
• the _____ is the part of the PNS that interacts with the external environment. it is composed of _____ nerves that carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, ears, and so on, to the central nervous system and _____ nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles.

  somatic nervous system; afferent; efferent
• the neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the

  the periaqueductal gray
• dorsal root axons are sensory unipolar neurons with their cell bodies grouped just outside the cord to form the dorsal

  root ganglia
• the neuron cell membrane is composed of a

  lipid bilayer
• the transmission of action potentials in myelinated axons is called

  saltatory conduction
• what is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

  glutamate
• exocytosis of small-molecule neurotransmitters requires

  the activation of voltage-activated calcium channels
• post-synaptic hyperpolarization are called IPSPs because they

  decrease the chance that a neuron will fire
• the end of the rising phase of an action potential occurs when the

  sodium channels close
• drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be the _____ of that neurotransmitter

  agonists
• drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be its _____

  antagonist
• a change in the resting membrane potential from -70 mV to -68 mV would be considered a(n)

  excitatory potential
• once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in post-synaptic neurons by

  binding to post-synaptic receptors
• contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane

  are sodium-potassium pumps
• when a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecule binds to an ionotropic receptor, the

  associated ion channel opens or closes
• afferent nerves of the somatic nervous system carry sensory signals from the periphery to the central nervous system
• the brain stem is important in the regulation of reflexes needed for survival
• sensory information from the visual system will be relayed through the thalamus on its way to visual cortex
• which of the following is the passive force that acts to encourage ions to enter open channels to cross neuronal membranes?

  random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients, and sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally
• metabotropic receptors are linked to the activation of

  signal proteins and G proteins
• the receptors at the neuromuscular junction are

  cholinergic and nicotinic
• drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter's receptors on the post-synaptic membrane without activating them are

  receptor blocks and antagonists
• if you wanted to get both structural and functional information from the same brain scan, you would probably use

  MRI or fMRI
• which variable makes it difficult to interpret the results of an experiment?

  confounding variable