learning theories

• social learning theory suggests that learning is done by observing and copying others who are seen as our role models
• positive reinforcement is when rewards and praise are given to increase the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated
• negative reinforcement is when you withhold a reward to encourage the behaviour
• punishment is the retribution of something performed wrong, break the SR bond of the bad habit
• Thorndike's law of exercise suggests that the more you practice, the more likely you are to have a better technique for competitions
• Thorndike's law of effect suggests that by using trial and error you will lean the correct skill as success would be satisfying and failure means try again
• Thorndike's law of readiness suggests that learning can only occur when the performer's muscular and nervous system are sufficiently mature - physiologically ready
• Fits and Posner's cognitive stage is the early learning phase where the learner understands the skill, looks at the technique and memorises what is required
• the guidance used in the cognitive stage of learning is mainly visual with some manual and mechanical
• the feedback used in the cognitive stage of learning is extrinsic with positive reinforcement of success
• Fits and Posner's associate stage is the intermediate phase where the learner understands the skill and movement patterns are fluent and established
• the guidance used in the associate stage of learning is visual and verbal with some manual to show specific positions or movements
• the feedback used in the associate stage of learning is extrinsic and intrinsic as the performer can feel the success of the end result
• Fits and Posner's autonomous stage is the final phase where movements are automatic without conscious effort meaning the performer can pay attention to the environment
• Pavlov's idea of classical conditioning is the process of learning to associate a stimulus with a response
• skinner's idea of operant conditioning is that behaviour is learned through the reinforcement and punishment of behaviour