early modern c1500-c1700

• What two crimes took on new significance during the Reformation??

  Heresy and treason
• What did Henry VIII execute several Catholics for refusing to swear?

  oath of supremacy
• How did Edward VI’s religious policy differ from his father’s?

  Became much more actively Protestant
• What was Mary I’s religious policy?

  Return England to Catholicism
• What happened to almost 300 Protestants during her reign?

  Burnt at the stake as heretics
• What was Elizabeth I’s religious policy?

  Protestant but tolerating Catholics
• What law required everybody to attend Protestant church on Sunday or pay a fine?

  Act of Uniformity
• After what events did Elizabeth’s policy towards Catholics become more harsh?

  Rebellion in 1569, excommunication by the Pope in 1570
• Who succeeded Elizabeth as monarch and passed stricter anti-Catholic laws?

  James I
• What law did he pass forcing Catholics to swear loyalty and pay much higher fines for not attending church?

  Popish Recusants Act
• Why were so many people becoming homeless in 16th-century England?

  Rising population, rising food prices, falling wages
• What term was used for homeless people who travelled in search of work?

  Vagabonds
• What 1547 law decreed that able-bodied people who were without work for three days should be branded with a ‘V’ and sold as a slave for two years?

  Vagrancy Act
• What new set of laws in 1601 attempted to make treatment of the unemployed more fair?

  Poor Laws
• What terms did these laws use to distinguish between those who could not work and those who supposedly chose not to?

  Deserving poor and undeserving poor
• What were parishes required to provide to those who could not work?

  poor relief
• For what purposes was so much land being enclosed in this period?

  To graze sheep or create large estates for houses
• What law made poaching illegal in 1671?

  Game Act
• Why did this law sometimes make criminal activity worse?

  People joined together in gangs to poach
• The introduction of import duties led to the rise of what new crime?

  smuggling
• Which king’s execution in 1649 began a period when England was a republic?

  Charles I
• Who were the extremist Protestants who influenced government during that period?

  Puritans
• Who was the ‘Lord Protector’ of England in this period?

  Oliver Cromwell
• What activities were banned during this period?

  Sport on a Sunday, feasting and drinking, Christmas celebrations
• What was the population of London by 1700?

  50,000
• What made it easier to commit crimes such as theft and fraud in bigger cities?

  Anonymity of city life
• Who were appointed by rich city-dwellers to police the towns?

  Town constables
• What would night watchmen do to warn people to go home at night or risk being viewed as criminals?

  Ring a bell
• Whom might a victim of a crime pay to track down an escaped suspect?

  Thief taker
• What were prisons originally used for?

  To hold people before trial or punishment
• What new prison was opened in 1556 as a place of punishment?

  Bridewell Palace
• What do historians call the 17th-century attitude of making many crimes punishable by execution?

  The ‘Bloody Code’
• Why were many executions not actually carried out in practice?

  Seen as too harsh
• What new punishment was introduced under James I?

  Transportation
• Where would criminals be sent instead of going to prison?

  North America
• For how long would serious criminals be sent here?

  14years
• What is the term for the belief that criminals should be given a chance to change their ways?

  Rehabilitation
• Roughly how many people suffered this punishment up to c.1770?

  50,000-80,000
• What were transported children called?

  ‘Duty boys’
• Who was king at the time of the Gunpowder Plot?

  James I