APES CH. 11 & 12

• Surface Mining: Removes shallow deposits
• Subsurface Mining: underground
• Types of surface mining

  • strip mining
  • open-pit mining
  • mountaintop removal
  • dredging
  • highwall mining
• Types of subsurface mining 

  • Shaft mine
  • drift mine
  • slope mine
• • Spoil Banks : bank of excavated refuse or waste Earth
• • Acid mine drainage causes water pollution
• • Smelting using heat or chemical causes both air and water pollution
• • Subsurface mining is harmful to humans …. They breathe methane
• Soil Horizons

  • O Horizon (Leaf Litter)
  • A Horizon (Top Soil)
  • B Horizon (Subsoil)
  • C Horizon (Weathered Parent Material)
  • Bedrock
• O Horizon (Leaf Litter)
• • A Horizon (Top Soil)
• • B Horizon (Subsoil)
• • C Horizon (Weathered Parent Material)
• Physical weathering: rock to rock crushing, water expansion and contraction, frost wedging
• Chemical weathering - chemical reaction with minerals, acid rain 
• Biological weathering - animal digging/burrowing, roots breaking
• • Porosity -  pores
• • Permeability - water can go thru
• clay is NOT permeable
• Igneous rock:  - weathering = sedimentary rock - heat & pressure = metamorphic 
• Metamorphic rock: melting - magma = Igneous rock - weathering = sedimentary rock
• Sedimentary rock: heat and pressure = metamorphic rock - melting - magma = Igneous rock
• • 4 Rs = Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse
• Depletion Time: Time to use a certain portion (usually 80%) of reserves at a given rate of use
• • Rare Earth Metals - they are very rare metals that are used in technologies & not spread evenly around the world
• Convergent boundary- collide = oceanic plate goes under = mountain
• Divergent boundary - pull apart = new crust from rising magma
• Transform boundary - slide = faults = earthquakes
• When the denser plate subducts into the mantle it melts and recreates tectonic plates while destroying the current one.
• Richter Scale: (Intensity 6 is 100 times stronger than intensity 4 because Richter Scale strength is basically 10 Intensity) 10 fold
• Earthquake

  • Breakage and shifting of rocks
  • Occurs at the fault
  • Seismic Waves: Crust vibrations
  • Focus: Origin of earthquake
  • Aftershock: small earthquake after the big one
  • Magnitude: Severity of the Earthquake
  • Amplitude: Size of the seismic waves
• • Aftershock: small earthquake after the big one
• • Seismic Waves: Crust vibrations
• • Focus: Origin of earthquake
• • Magnitude: Severity of the Earthquake
• • Amplitude: Size of the seismic waves
• • Richter Scale
  • Insignificant <4.0
  • Minor: 4.0 - 4.9
  • Damaging: 5.0 - 5.9
  • Destructive: 6.0 - 6.9
  • Major: 7.0 - 7.9
  • Great >8.0
• Undernutrition - Not enough food to meet basic energy needs 
• Malnutrition -Not enough protein or key nutrients
• Overnutrition - Excess body fat from too many calories and lack exercise