solubility rules

• all nitrates are soluble
• all acetates are soluble
• all chlorates are soluble
• all perchlorates are soluble
• all chlorides are soluble EXCEPT AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2
• All bromides are soluble EXCEPT: AgBr, Hg2Br2 ,PbBr2 and HgBr2
• All iodides are soluble EXCEPT AgI, Hg2I2. PbI2. and Hg2I2.
• All sulfates are soluble EXCEPT Ag2SO4, CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, HgSO4, Hg2SO4. & PbSO4
• All sulfides are insoluble EXCEPT Li2S, Na2S, K2S, Rb2S, Cs2S, (NH4)2S, MgS, CaS, SrS, & BaS
• All carbonates are insoluble EXCEPT Group 1A elements & (NH4)2CO3
• All sulfites are insoluble EXCEPT Group 1A elements and (NH4)3PO4
• All phosphates are insoluble EXCEPT Group 1A elements and (NH4)3PO4
• All hydroxides are insoluble except Group 1A elements, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
• soluble cations: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4+, Ag+, Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Sr(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Ca(2+), Co(2+), Ni(2+), Cu (2+), Zn (2+), Cd (2+), Hg (2+), Hg2 (2+), Sn(2+), Pb(2+), Al(3+), Cr(3+), Fe (3+)
• solvent is a chemical substance present in the solution as the largest amount
• solute is a chemical substance in a lesser amount
• general solubility rule: like dissolves like, polar and polar, nonpolar and nonpolar
• electrolytes- substances that dissolve in water to form solutions that conduct electricity
• strong electrolytes- substances that completely dissociate into ions when dissolved
• nonelectrolytes- compounds that don’t dissociate into ions when dissolve in water, don’t conduct electricity
• acids- molecular compounds that ionize to form H+ ions when dissolved in water
• strong acid- one that completely ionizes in solution, also strong electrolytes (ex: HCl)
• weak acid- don’t completely ionize in water (ex: acetic acid), nonionized acid rep w opposing half arrows conduct electricity weakly
• when an ionic compound dissolves in water, resulting solution has component ions dissolved in water
• solute-solute -> break apart and need energy
• solvent-solvent -> break apart, need energy
• solute-solvent -> come together, release energy
• if solute-solvent is greater than solute-solute or solvent solvent, then it is soluble
• if solute-solvent is less than solute-solute or solvent solvent, then it is not soluble
• energy is the capacity to do work, can be due to motion
• work is the result of a force acting through distance, energy transfers
• heat is the flow of energy from a temperature difference,
• kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object
• thermal energy is the energy associated with the temperature of an object, type of kinetic energy of motions of atoms/molecules
• potential energy is the energy due to the position of composition and condition
• law of conservation of energy is that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and assume diff forms
• $Kg*$$m^2/s^2$equals one J
• a system is the portion of universe being investigated
• surroundings are everything outside of the system that it can exchange energy w
• ΔE = q (heat) + w (work)