Marxism

• Brake (1980) would claim disproportionate levels of crime committed by ethnic minority youths is due to their increased need for symbolic solutions to class issues which is worsened by institutional racism
• Lea and Young (1993) would show ethnic minorities as most like to experience relative deprivation and marginalisation
• Harry Braverman (1970) claims that the proletariat is becoming deskilled; this is worse for ethnic minorities as they are more likely to be in low skilled employment
• Louis Althusser (1970) would show ethnic minorities as experiencing more strict treatment from repressive state apparatus as they are 9.7 times more likely to be stop and searched by police (ONS)
• Box (1983) would show avoidable killings as most likely to impact ethnic minorities as they are involved in informal and low skilled employment and are therefore less protected by workers rights
• Chambliss (1973) says the desire for consumption leads to crime so as ethnic minorities experience relative deprivation they are more likely to engage in crime
• Chambliss (1973) saints and roughnecks
• Taylor Walton and Young (1972) says crime stems from an unequal distribution of power in society so ethnic minorities engage in crime due to a lack of power in society due to institutional racism
• Carl Nightengale (1993) finds young black males in Philadelphia experience marginalisation and so must engage in crime to gain money and status
• Stuart Hall (1999) finds mugging is a label created by USA media to describe any property crime involving a black perpetrator
• Gilroy (1982) says ethnic minorities carry the scars of imperialist violence causing inequality in society
• Bowling and Philips (2013) says the crown prosecution service are most likely to drop cases against black individuals due to a lack of evidence
• Divide and rule is the bourgeoisie splitting the proletariat into different factions to make them easier to control such as ethnic or age groups
• Cox (1970) says institutional racism stems from colonialism and slavery as it helped the development of capitalism by providing free labour by exploiting ethnic minorities with the justification of white superiority
• Castles and Kosack (1973) says immigrants are the reserve army of labour creating job competition allowing the bourgeoisie to keep wages low
• Neo-Marxist Miles (1989) claims that after colonialism nationalism emerged to feed conflict in society by creating racialised factions feeding divide and rule EG the English Defence League
• The Morecombe Bay Tragedy (2004) in Lancashire saw 23 Chinese Cockle pickers drown due to unsafe working conditions showing ethnic minorities as exploited and not properly protected by employers