Module 1
Cards (73)
- The term "computer" is derived from the Latin word "computare" which means to calculate.
- Babbage is best remembered for originating the concept of a programmable computer.
- Considered as "the father of the computer" and invented the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine
- He is the father of supercomputing. An American electrical engineer and supercomputer architect who designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades.
- Pioneer of the personal computer revolution with Steve Wozniak and a co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer (CEO) of Apple Inc.
- She is known for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be carried out by a machine. She is the first computer programmer.
- The first computer and it was a wooden rack which has metal rods with beads mounted on them.
- Invented by John Napier. In this calculating tool, he used 9 different ivory strips or bones marked with numbers to multiply and divide. First machine to use the decimal point.
- It was invented between 1642 and 1644 by a French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is an arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. The first mechanical and automatic calculator.
- It was developed by a German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673. It is a cylinder with a set of teeth of incremental lengths which, when coupled to a counting wheel.
- It was a steam driven calculating machine designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables.
- Father of Modern Computer
- It was a mechanical computer that used punch-cards as input. It was capable of solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory.
- It was invented in 1890, by Herman Hollerith, an American statistician. It was a mechanical tabulator based on punch cards. It could tabulate statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine was used in the 1890 U.S. Census.
- It was the first electronic computer introduced in the United States in 1930. It was an analog device invented by Vannevar Bush. This machine has vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations. It could do 25 calculations in few minutes.
- In 1944, it was built as a partnership between IBM and Harvard. It was the first programmable digital computer.
- One of the primary programmers for the Mark I was a woman, Grace Hopper. Hopper found the first computer "bug": a dead moth that had gotten into the Mark I. The word "bug" had been used to describe a defect since at least 1889 but Hopper is credited with coining the word "debugging” to describe the work to eliminate program faults.
- Originally released as the Apple Computer, also known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. It was Apple's first product.
- It is the original version of the IBM PC compatible computer design. It was introduced on August 12, 1981. The generic term "personal computer" ("PC") was in use years before 1981 but the term "PC" came to mean more specifically a desktop microcomputer compatible with IBM's Personal Computer branded products.
- The Commodore 64, also known as the C64 or the CBM 64, is an 8-bit home computer introduced in January 1982 by Commodore International.
- It is a family of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Inc. since January 1984. The original Macintosh is the first successful mass-market personal computer to have featured a graphical user interface, built-in screen, and mouse.
- It is a family of personal computers introduced by Commodore in 1985. It is a mouse-based GUIs and significantly improved graphics.
- It is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, launched in 1990. Like its predecessors, it is not an operating system, but rather a graphical operating environment that runs on top of DOS.
- It is a graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and is part of the classic Mac OS series of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer, Inc.
- The Newton is a series of personal digital assistants developed and marketed by Apple Computer, Inc. An early device in the PDA category, it was the first to feature handwriting recognition. It was released on 1993.
- It is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci.
- It s a consumer-oriented OS developed by Microsoft as part of its Windows 9x family of operating systems. It is the successor to Windows 3.1x, and was released on 1995.
- Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft.
- It is a series of proprietary graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers.
- The first generation (1946-1959) computers were slow, huge and expensive. In these computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory.
- The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. . In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum tubes.
- The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. Invented by Jack Kilby. This development made computers smaller in size, reliable, and efficient.
- The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
- The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software.
- Classified according to size, functionality and data handling.
- The most high performing system.
- These are commonly called as big iron, they are usually used by big organizations for bulk data processing such as statics, census data processing, transaction processing and are widely used as the servers.
- These computers came into the market in mid 1960s and were sold at a much cheaper price than the main frames, they were actually designed for control, instrumentation, human interaction, and communication switching as distinct from calculation and record keeping, later they became very popular for personal uses with evolution.