module 1 - detailed

• what is leukoencephalomalacia?

  disease in horses caused by a fungal toxin from Fusarium verticilliodies

  softening of the white matter of the brain
• what is polioencephalomalacia?

  disease in ruminants caused by sulfur toxicity and thiamine deficiency

  softening of the grey matter in the brain
• what is leukoencephalitis?

  found in caprine arthritis encephalitis caused by SRLV

  inflammation of the white matter of the brain
• what is poliomyelitis?

  inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord
• what is pathology?

  the study of the causes, mechanisms, and effects of disease

  laboratory examination of samples of body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes
• what is disease?

  the consequence of the failure of homeostasis
• what is homeostasis?


  the ability or tendency of an organism or a cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
• is gigantism a disease and why?

  yes, because it is caused by unregulated GH due to failure of feedback inhibition
• is acromegaly a disease and why?

  yes, because it is caused by primary GH excess
• what is one medicine?

  the idea that there is no difference of paradigm between human and veterinary medicine
• What levels are important to consider for disease?

  epidemiology, clinical medicine, morphological pathology, pathophysiology, cell biology, molecular biology

  molecular, sub-cellular, cellular, tissue, organ, whole organism, population
• what is etiology?

  the cause of disease
• what is pathogenesis?

  the process of disease
• what is progression?

  the development of disease
• what are signs and symptoms?

  clinical changes associated with disease
• what are lesions?

  structural changes associated with disease
• what is severity?

  the degree of disease
• what is prognosis?

  the prediction of disease
• what is proximate cause?

  event closest to or immediately responsible for causing disease
• what is ultimate cause?

  the original event which set in motion events resulting in disease
• example of disease etiology:

  lesion: renal infarcts

  pathogenesis: blockage of renal arteries

  proximate cause: thromboemboli

  ultimate cause: hyperthyroidism
• what are thromboemboli?

  little clots floating free in the blood that lodge in vessels, blocking blood flow to tissues downstream

  secondary to hyperthyroidism, neoplasia, and cardiomyopathy
• what is the disease presentation of feline hyperthyroidism?

  functional adenomatous hyperplasia or functional adenomas

  tachycardia and dysrhythmias

  left ventricular hypertrophy

  caused by thyroid hormone, reversible, blood pooling in dilated left atrium can result in thrombi
• what is pathogenesis?

  the stepwise progression in the departures from normal structure and function that occur in, lead to, or contribute to disease
• why is pathogenesis important?

  to determine disease etiology, to identify interventions for prevention and treatment of disease, to provide insight to understand normal biology
• what does the DAMN IT V disease process scheme stand for?

  D: degenerative

  A: anomaly

  M: metabolic

  N: neoplastic, nutritional

  I: inflammatory, infectious, immune

  T: trauma, toxicity

  V: vascular
• what is a disease sign?

  objective evidence for disease, recognized by others, measurable
• what is a disease symptom?

  subjective evidence for disease, recognized by the patient, individual perception
• what is a syndrome?

  a certain constellation of associated signs and symptoms that run together

  may be indicative of certain diseases
• what are lesions?

  any pathological discontinuity or loss of function of tissue

  most disease states are associated with morphologic changes in cells or tissues
• what is a diagnosis?

  identifying or determining the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history, examination, and review of laboratory data

  the opinion derived from this evaluation
• what are the types of diagnoses?

  clinical, laboratory, etiological, morphological
• what is a clinical diagnosis?

  made primarily on the basis of medical signs and patient reported symptoms
• what is a laboratory diagnosis?

  results of laboratory tests provide a specific diagnosis
• what is an etiological diagnosis?

  the cause of the lesion or disease
• what is a morphological diagnosis?

  based on duration, degree, distribution, lesions, tissue or organ affected
• what are the classifications of the severity of disease?

  mild, moderate, severe
• what are the classifications of the duration of disease?

  peracute, actue, subacute, chronic
• what does peracute mean?

  very sudden onset and very severe
• what does acute mean?

  severe and sudden onset