Migration 1 and 2a

Created by

Libby

Cards (52)

What is migration?
Movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently in the new location
What is international migration?
When people migrate from one country to another
What is an economic migrant?
People that move from one country to another in order to advance their economic and professional prospects
What is a refugee?
A person who has been forced to leave their country due to war, violence and persecution or disaster
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?
Someone who has been forced to flee their home but never cross an international border
What is an asylum seeker?
A person who is applying to stay in another country because they cannot return to their own, but hasn't been given refugee status yet
What is net migration?
The difference in number of immigrants and emigrants
What is emigration?
Leaving a country (i.e. from a UK perspective - moving out of the UK to Australia)
What is immigration?
Moving into a country (i.e. from a UK perspective - someone moving from Poland into the UK)
What are remittances?
The transfer of money from a migrant back to their home country, often to family members
What is intra-regional migration?
Migration WITHIN a region (i.e. within the region of Europe - from Germany to Italy, Sweden to the UK)
What is inter-regional migration?
Migration BETWEEN regions (i.e. migration between region of Africa and Europe)
What are social remittance?
Where migrants send home ideas and values that might be adopted in their home country (i.e. greater gender equality, democracy, freedom of the press)
What are examples of physical 'intervening obstacles'?
Oceans, rivers, mountain ranges and climate
What are examples of economic/social/cultural intervening obstacles?
Economic - lack of capital, travel costs
Social - language barriers, illiteracy
Cultural - restrictions on movement for women, religious differences
What are examples of political intervening obstacles?
Border closures, VISAs, government policy (i.e. bans on certain groups - i.e. Muslim ban to US)
What is a diaspora?
An ethnic or national group that has spread from homeland
How does the Schengen Agreement affect migration?
Schengen Agreement = Lack of national borders in European countries - allows freedom of movement - removes intervening obstacles.
BUT some countries not in Schengen Area (i.e. Russia, Ireland)
Definition of intervening obstacle
physical, economic, social or political factors that disrupt (in some times stop) migration between origin and destination
Non-economic reasons for intra-regional migration in EU
education (to study), joining family, retiring or return flows to source country
What is the Central Mediterranean Route and numbers of people at highest migrating?
Inter-regional migration from Libyan ports to southern Italy
Peaked during the European Migrant Crisis in 2015. As many as 180k people a year arrived by sea in Italy in mid 2010s (down to 40k now) -with 22k deaths on route since 2014
Which are the top countries of origin for UK immigrants?
India, Poland, Pakistan, Ireland, Germany, Bangladesh and USA
Which are the top host countries that UK migrants are emigrating to?
Australia, Canada, Spain, New Zealand, South Africa and Ireland
What are 4 main reasons for long term immigration to the UK?
work & study (makes up 70% of all immigrants).Also family reunification and humanitarian protection - last group is very small less than 5%
What are the main reasons for long term emigration away from UK?
Employment (often high skilled jobs/managerial positions) , retirement (high prices in U.K for houses/poor weather) and family reunification
What is the 'multiplier effect' in relation to migration?
When economic growth creates additional employment as its people have money to spend on goods and services. This leads to further economic growth and more employment
In which ‘category’ of countries (give actual examples) do remittances account for higher % of GDP?
LIDCs (i.e. Nepal, Haiti) and EDCs (i.e. Mexico, India, Poland)
What does HDI stand for and compose?
The UN’s Human Development Index (HDI) - incorporating social and economic indices for life expectancy, education and GDP per capita
Example of remittances to LIDC accounting for higher % of GDP than in an AC
2019, $6.88bn sent to USA = <0.1% of GDP // Haiti received much less ($3.27bn) = 37.1% of GDP
What is the HDI of USA compared to Haiti?
USA = 0.92; Haiti = 0.503
How migration promotes 'stability'?
Social remittances (new idea like democracy) brought home can increase peacebuilding
Youthful migrants can lead to pop growth and balance out ageing pop
Remittances = Supply of regular money to stabilise the economy
How migration promotes 'economic growth'?
Migrants contribute to GDP/pay taxes
As consumers in local economies. New markets created by demand for products from ‘home’.
Fill skills gap in the economy
Remittances stimulate spending in source country - local investment /multiplier effects
How migration promotes 'development'?
Skills gained abroad can be applied when migrants return
Diaspora networks help allow easy flow of resources /ideas between countries - through both personal/professional link
UN migration and development projects between partner countries to make migration more stable and help people set up opportunities on returning home
How has technology helped aid migration and promote stability/growth/development?
Monetary transfers easier due to online banking, internet banking and smartphones = easier to send remittances
Social media means migrants can communicate with people in source countries = ‘social’ remittances can be sent back (ideas/values) which develop source country
Smartphones used to help migrants talk to migrants who have already migrated - safety advice, information, navigation and even translation = reducing intervening obstacles
Drones/satellites help monitor movement = people can be helped if trouble = prevent death/trafficking
Examples of global organisations taking action to make migration safer to promote development
(i.e Startfinder advisory centres in Germany and source countries/ ILO setting up job fairs in Laos to reduce trafficking / provide clear advice)
How migration causes inequalities?
Lose youngest members of labour force = can lead to economic downtown on national/regional/ local level
Could lead to birth rate decline in source country and birth rate gain in host country as young people move
Some families do not receive remittances = inequality between households who receive it and those who don’t
How migration causes conflicts?
Host communities vs ‘newcomers’; conflict over differences in religion, race, language
Conflict due to competition or ‘perceived’ competition for jobs with host communities
Pressure on services in areas where migrants populations are concentrated (i.e. immigrants in California ‘blamed’ for pressure on roads, schools and water supplies)
Borders can be conflict areas - i.e. authorities vs illegal migrants or traffickers (i.e. Mexico-USA border - Trumps Wall)
How can migration causes injustices?
Some migrants often vulnerable - many likely to be trafficked or sent into forced labour
Asylum seekers often held in detention centres with poor food/sanitation and unable to work - often for long periods
Refugees who have been displaced often face injustice in the form of poor shelter, food, medical care in refugee camps - whilst facing the risk of being sent to country of origin
How has limits to technology and other barriers caused inequalities in migration?
Lack of access to technology (i.e smartphones/computers) can restrict the amount of remittances received /social remittances received esp. in rural communities
Authoritarian governments can restrict information/broadband speeds which means potential migrants cannot find vital information about migrating or communicate with migrants who have already left
Which country has a pro-emigration policy? Main reasons for this policy?
Pakistan - main reason: remittances as they are an EDC with young population