Bio 2 (Prelim)

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a biomolecule that contains the genetic information of an organism.
• Humans, animals, plants and even bacteria have DNA.
• Nucleotide is the building block of DNA.
• DNA contains instructions to create different types of proteins and define them through a subunit DNA called genes.
• The entire set of genes is called a genome.
• Genetic engineering is the altering of an organism’s genome.
• Genetic engineering is done through the DNA’s manipulation.
• All DNA is made up of the same nucleotide.
• Engineers are able to offer new genes for an organism to create a different protein.
• The new instructions may supplement the old instructions either by replacing it completely or by exhibiting additional traits.
• Genetic Engineering Outline 1 involves choosing and identifying an organism that contains a desirable gene.
• Extracting the DNA from the organism is a step in Genetic Engineering Outline 2.
• Natural selection is the process where one allele makes an organism less or more fit in an environment to reproduce and survive.
• Genetic drift is the change of allele frequencies in a population by a generation that occurs due to chance events.
• Recombination is the reassortment of genes into a new combination of chromosomes.
• Recombination occurs in an exchange of DNA between crossing over in meiosis.
• Removing the gene from the rest of the DNA can be done by using restriction enzymes that search for a specific nucleotide sequence then cut the DNA through breaking the bonds at this location.
• Chagas disease is contracted in Darwin travels that causes his death.
• Mutation is a source of genetic variation in a population.
• Artificial selection or selective breeding allows humans to choose desirable traits for a plant or animal rather than leaving the species to change and evolve gradually without human interference.
• If an allele reduces its fitness, the frequency of its next generation will tend to drop.
• Chagas disease is known for cardiac damage and parasitic illness.
• Genetic drift tends to happen in small populations.
• Inserting the new gene to an organism’s DNA is a step in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The plasmid is extracted from the yeast or bacterial cell in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• A small section is cut from the plasmid by restriction enzymes in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The plasmid is genetically modified in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The plasmid which is now genetically modified is introduced into a yeast cell or bacteria in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The cell will divide and start making insulin in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The genetically modified yeast cell or bacteria will be placed in a large fermentation vessel in order to produce a large amount of cells in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• If the fermentation is done, the mixture will be filtered to release insulin in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• The insulin will be purified then packed into bottles for distribution to patients with diabetes in Genetic Engineering In Insulin.
• In line with this rapid expansion of needs, genetic engineering used modern tools like molecular cloning and transformation which yield more reliable products in a short span of time.
• Recombinant DNA technology is playing an important role in improving development in biology.
• Recombinant DNA technology is done through altering the genetic material outside of an organism to produce the desired characteristics.
• Hormones like FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) can now be possible by recombinant DNA technology.
• Vaccines and Hormones: Recombinant vaccine is more effective than the conventional vaccine.
• EON - unit of time equal to a billion years
• This vaccine is painless wherein adenovirus vectors are encoded through nasal transfer allowing rapid protection against mucosal pathogens.