Biology (Exam 1)

• Hydroxyl (-OH)


  -Polar

  -Found in many molecules

  
• 7 Functional Groups (Affects the function of molecules)

  - Hydroxyl

  -Methyl

  -Carbonyl

  -Carboxyl

  -Amino

  -Phosphate

  -Sulfhydryl
• What does structure define in molecules?

  STRUCTURE DEFINES FUNCTION
• Why do Enantiomeres matter?

  Effective Enantiomers can differ from ineffective enantiomers as they are opposite of each other
• Enantiomers


  Same chemical formula with mirroring images

  (Asymetric = different atoms/molecules. Same atoms wont make mirroring images)Do not differ in arrangement of their covalent bonds

  
• cis-trans isomers


  Different arrangement of atoms around a double bond

  
• Structural Isomers


  Different covalent arrangements of atoms

  
• Isomers


  Same Chemical Formula but different arrangements

  
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons


  hydrocarbons that contain a ring structure similar to benzene.

  - 5-6 Membered rings

  - single/double may connect

  - Nitrogen can substitute carbon

  
• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

  "Dont form Rings"

  - Single Bond (Can rotate with tetrahedral shape)

  - Double Bond (Cannot Rotate with planar/flat shape)

  
• Molecular Structures

  Length

  Double Bonds

  Branching

  Rings
• Hydrocarbons


  Simplest Organic Molecule with Carbon and Hydrogen

  
• Important factors of Carbon's chemical structure

  - Make up to 4 bonds

  -Diverse arrangements

  -Very Complex

  -Required for Life

  -Creates Non/Polar

  -Stable in large rang of temperature
• Organic Molecules


  -Originally found from living organisms

  -Molecules containing CARBON
• M=n/V (What does each one mean)

  M= Concentration

  n = amount

  V = Volume
• molecular weight of a molecule

  sum of the masses of all the atoms in the molecule
• Dalton unit


  Same as the atomic mass unit, or amu.
• Mole


  Represents an exact number of molecules.

  -> ONE mole is 6.02 x

  10^23 molecules = Avogadro's number (12 pencils = 12 pencils) (1 mole = 6.02 x 10^23)

  
• Chemical reactions are (in/dependent) on concentrations of reactions & products

  Dependent
• Bicarbonate Ions


  enzyme that changes carbon dioxide into water so it is not poisonous to the body
• Ocean Acidification


  decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels (Low ph = more acidic)

  
• Molarity


  moles of solute/liters of solution
• Grams to Atoms


  divide Grams by molar mass then multiply by Avogadro's number
• Grams to Moles

  Moles = Grams Given divide by molar mass

  
• Molar Mass


  mass in grams of one mole of the substance. (g/mol) *AKA Atomic Mass
• Convert from Moles to Atoms

  multiply moles by Avogadro's number = atoms

  
• Interval between units in the ph scale

  10 units.. if you jump 2 spots than 10x10 = 100
• Buffers in the pH system

  Weak acids or weak base molecules in/around cells that help solutions resist changes in ph
• Relationship between pH and H+

  inverse relationship
• Alkalinity (pH)


  basic

  High OH- Ions

  1x10^-7 moles/liter
• Acidity (pH)


  High H+ Ions

  1x10^-7 moles/liter
• Hydrogen Ions (H+)


  Protons
• The ph of a solution indicates.. (x2)

  Acidity or alkalinity (basic)
• Definition of ph

  -potential/power of hydrogen

  -how much hydrogen atoms are in a solution

  (H+ = Hydrogen with one proton, no electrons)

  ph = -log[H+]

  
• Solution with 1 Molar Concentration

  -to measure the concentration of a solute in a solution

  M = 1 mole of solvent/1 Liter of Solution
• Concentration

  amount of solute in a solution (volume)

  
• Working with Concentrations -> C1V1=C2V2


  (Concentration 1STOCK SOLUTIONx Volume 1 (ml) = Concentration 2 x Volume 2)

  ALWAYS double check hat unit it is asking for!F
• Dilutions


  a small volume of the liquid chemical is diluted in a larger volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio

  Ex: 80/400 x 80/400 x 80/400 = Final Solution

  
• What type of pipettor should you use for a 25 ul


  P200
• Different types of micropipets x3 measurements

  Use a micropipette for anything under 1 ml

  P-1000 (100-1000UL)Big Blue

  P-200 (20-200uL)Yellow

  P-20 (2-20ul)Yellow