HBG 1 ( Biochemical Components of the Human Body)

• Carbohydrates serve as an energy source and provide structural support.
• A ball-and-stick model in which the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in space is indicated is another type of structural formula.
• Carbohydrates are the main sources of energy, along with sugars and lipids.
• A structural formula shows the three-dimensional structure of glucose in the so-called “chair configuration”.
• Carbohydrates are necessary for the function of proteins and lipids, which are glycoproteins and lipid respectively.
• Fatty acids are a type of building blocks that make lipids.
• A space-filling model, which, in addition to depicting the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms, also gives some idea of their relative sizes and of the surface contours of the molecule, is another type of structural formula.
• Lipids are organic molecules in the cell that are hydrophobic.
• Macromolecules are abundant in cells, making up 30% of the cell's chemicals, 70% of the cell's water, and 4% of the cell's inorganic ions, small molecules, and phospholipids.
• DNA is a major biomolecule in the cell.
• Small organic building blocks of the cell include sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and polysaccharides.
• Triacylglycerol, also known as fats, are found in meat, butter, cream, and plant oils.
• Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, and polysaccharides are also known as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and polysaccharides respectively.
• Carbohydrates serve as the backbone of DNA.
• Each macromolecule is a polymer formed from small molecules (called monomers or subunits) that are linked together by covalent bonds.
• Lipids serve as an energy source, hormones, and building blocks of other cellular molecules.
• Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are made from monomeric subunits.
• Fatty acids, the amino acids, and the nucleotides are the building blocks in the cell that make the tools and provide the energy.
• Macromolecules are also made from monomeric subunits, which are small molecules that are linked together by covalent bonds.
• The main components of the body are water (62%), proteins (16%), carbohydrates (~1%), lipids/fat (16%), and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) (~1%).
• Some macromolecules, such as sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids, are larger organic molecules of the cell.
• Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in the cell, which involves breaking down or building up something.
• Genetics is the study of genes and hereditary, which is the blueprint of life.
• Transport proteins are involved in intracellular or extracellular transport.
• Special purpose proteins have special functions such as motor proteins (myosin), gene regulatory proteins (transcription factor), and self-defense (antibodies).
• Proteins are larger organic molecules of the cell.
• Mono and disaccharides are generally called sugars, while polysaccharides are generally called carbohydrates.
• Isomers are widespread among organic molecules in general, and they play a role in several ways.
• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• Mirror-image pairs of such molecules are called optical isomers.
• The thickened lines in a structural formula are used to indicate the plane of the sugar ring and to show that the – H and –O H groups are not in the same plane as the ring.
• Proteins are tools and machines inside and outside the cell, and energy is needed to make and power these tools.
• A short chain of amino acids joined together is called peptide.
• Enzymes catalyse chemical reactions.
• Receptors detect signals and transmit signals.
• Nucleic acids are larger organic molecules of the cell.
• Structural proteins maintain structures of cells and tissues.
• Sugars and lipids are the two main sources of energy.
• Signal proteins carry signals from cell to cell.
• Building blocks in the cell that make the tools and provide the energy are larger organic molecules of the cell.