The values of Individualism are: Ruleof Law, Individual rightsandfreedoms, privateproperty, EconomicFreedom, Self-Interest and Competition.
Rule of Law: Key Principle in liberaldemocracies. States that every individual is equal before the law and allcitizens are subject to the law.
Individual Rights and Freedoms: Key principle of individualism; important for liberal democracies. Includes freedom of religion, association, life, liberty and security of the person.
Private Property: Something owned by an individual including tangible and intangible things. Right to protect it is a central principle of liberalism and is seem as a natural extension of the concept of the worth of each individual.
Economic Freedom: Freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea or product to whomever you wish.
Self-interest: One's personal interest or advantage.
Competition: act of competing or contending with others. Seen as an incentive for individuals or groups to work harder and more efficiently.
The Values of Collectivism: Economic Equality, Co-operation, Public property, Collective Interest, Collective Responsibility and Adherence to collective norms.
Economic Equality: Principle common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meaning. Government may try to foster economic equality through tax policies and by ensuring that all people earn equal wages for work of similar value.
Co-operation: Working together to the sameend; a principle emphasized by collectivist ideologies.
Public Property: Anything notprivatelyowned by individuals. Usually owned by the state or community and managed according to the bestinterests of the community.
Collective Interest: Set of interests that members of a group have in common. Principle of collective interests states what that while individuals have individual interests, these interest are betteraddressed by making them a common set of interests that the group can address together.
Collective Responsibility: Holding a whole group responsible for the actions of individuals within the group.
Adherence to Collective Norms: Faithful observance of the norms or standards imposed on members of a group as a condition of memberships in the group
Postmodernism: Belief that there is no, onerightanswer. Everyone's opinion is valid and equal. Values Skepticism.
All ideologies have been influenced by historicaltraditions and overlapping'ism'.
Two common methods of classifying ideologies: Left-Rightcontinuum (spectrum) and Political-EconomicGrid
Roots of Left-Right Continuum: Evolved from the FrenchRevolution. Based on seatingarrangement in the nationalassembly.
What did it mean if individuals sat on the left side of the King?
They wanted change and revolution.
What did it mean if individuals sat on the right side of the King?
Wanted nochange.StatusQuo.
Following the French revolution the left and right came to represent attitudes about change and the statusquo.
Those who demanded change - radical and liberals were on the left of the king.
In the center were the moderates who generally supported the statusquo and minorchange.
On the right of the king, conservatives favoring maintainingstatusquo
Reactionaries were found on the extremeright and called for a return to the ways of the past.
What did the conservatives believe (19th century)?
Favoured maintaining the statusquo
What did the Reactionaries believe (19th century)?
AKA counterrevolutionaries. Favoured returning to the way things were done it the past.
Classical liberalism: freedom. Nogovernment interference. Government was to protectlife, liberty and property. Emphasizes economicfreedom and role of industrialist.
What gap was between classical and modern liberalism?
Industrial revolution, GreatDepression, WealthGap of nations creating economicinstability, Rise of alternativeideologies such as communism and fascism.
Modern liberalism: Significantgovernment intervention. All individuals valuedequally. Emphasizes programs to help the disadvantaged (socialprograms), Promotes ideas to share the benefits of development.
What did the radicals believe (20th century)?
Favoured immediate and fundamentalsocialchange; extreme radicals favour change through violence.
What did the Liberals believe (20th century)?
Favour change through peaceful and legalmeans; through governmentpolicy.
What did the moderates believe (20th century)?
Favour gradualchanges
What did the Conservatives believe (20th century)?
Usually content with statusquo and maintaining existingtraditions and social order.
What did the reactionaries believe (20th century)?
Favour a return to the good olddays; extreme favour change through violence
What does Neo-Conservative mean?
New or modern day conservatives. Neo - new but similar to the classical ideals