Pratical 1

• Blood is a connective tissue, and the majority of it is not living
• Blood makes about 8 % of your body weight

  5 - 6 L for males

  4 - 5 L for females
• Primary functions for Blood include

  transport

  regulation

  protection
• About 55 % of blood volume is composed of plasma
• plasma is an aqueous solution contains plasma proteins , ions , dissolved gasses , nutrients , and waste
• Formed element : are either living cells or nonliving cell remnants
• Formed elements are derived from stem cells in the red bone marrow
• Erythrocytes

  • eject their nucleus during development

  they are sacs of the protein hemoglobin, which binds oxygen and gives them their color
• Erythrocytes

  shape is biconcave

  The shape increases the surface area

  They are anaerobic (do not use oxygen)
• Platelets

  • Platelets not naturally sticky, freely circulate in blood
  • Stimulated by factors released from damaged cells, form plugs and release content in grandules for clotting
• Platelets - cell fragments that fracture off of very large cells in red bone marrow called megakaryocytes

  • contain cytoplasm, including grandules that were produced in parent cell
  • grandules facilitate blood clotting pathway
• Leukocytes - immune function

  • only true cells of the blood (they have nuclei)
  • Classified by their staining properties, whether or not they have visible grandules
• Blood :D

  A) Erythrocyte

  B) Platelet

  C) Leukocytes

  
• Leukocytes

  Grouped into Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

  Grandulocytes - Have grandules with visible staining granules and lobed nuclei

  Agranulocytes - granules that do not visibly stain and unilobed nuclei
• Grandulocytes include Neutrophils , Eosinophils , Basophils
• Agranulocytes include Monocytes and Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils - multilobed nuclei and pale lilac cytoplasm, with fine granules of similar color

  • As phagocytes, they engulf and destroy foreign particles and cells
• This is a Neutrophil

  
• Eosinophils - have a bilobed or figure-8 shaped nucleus and pale cytoplasm containing large granules that stain orange red.

  • Combat parasitic infections, and are involved in asthma and allergic responses
• This is an Eosinophil

  
• Basophils - Have large U- or S- shaped nucleus and pale pink cytoplasm. Difficults to see these features die to large grandules that stain dark purple.

  • Involved in inflammatory response, particularly allergic responses
• This is a Basophil

  
• Monocytes - larger than granulocytes. Kidnney-shaped nucleus and large amount of blue-grey staining cytoplasm.

  • active upon leaving bloodstream in process called diapedesis
  • In tissue, convert to macrophages
  • Macrophages are responsible for long-term cleanup of dead cells and debris, particularly in response to chronic infection and inflammation
• This is a Monocyte

  
• Lymphocytes : smaller granulocytes, with round or slightly indented nucleus that takes up most of space within cell. Cytoplasm shows as thin blue-grey border or arc around nucleus

  May be classified either as B cells or T cells

  B cells - responsible for antibody production

  T cells - responsible for destorying foreign and infected cells in body
• This is a Lymphocyte

  
• From Most to least abundant amount of Leukocytes

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Monocytes
  4. Eosinophils
  5. Basophils
• Polycythemia : Disease is characterized by overproduction of red blood cells

  • may be due to Red bone marrow deformities or excess production of erythropoietin (hormone)
  • Adverse effects on circulation of blood in body , Symptoms such as headache, weakness and breathing difficulty
• This is an example of Infectious Mononucleosis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Polycythemia, or Sickle Cell disease?

  Polycythemia

  
• Infectious Mononucleosis - also known an mono. Caused by Epstein-Barr Virus, a type of herpes virus.

  • Common symptoms of this disease is sore throat, fever, and fatigue
  • activated lymphocytes
• This is an example of Infectious Mononucleosis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Polycythemia, or Sickle Cell disease?

  Infectious Mononucleosis

  
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia - Leukemia is cancer of white blood cells. This is the most common leukemia in adults.

  • Common symptoms are high white blood cell count and swollen lymph nodes
  • characterized by excess production of abnormal, genetically identical lymphocytes
  • Brittle, so when blood smear is produced, cell fractures and produces smudge cells
• This is an example of Infectious Mononucleosis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Polycythemia, or Sickle Cell disease?

  Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

  
• Sickle cell disease : genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to become sickle shaped

  • frequently do not return to normal shape and are destroyed, leading to reduction of red blood cells, imparing ability of blood to transport oxygen
  • individuals with sickle cell are resistant to contracting malaria
• This is an example of Infectious Mononucleosis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Polycythemia, or Sickle Cell disease?

  Sickle Cell Disease

  
• SCAB

  Blood clot are beneficial in cases where a tissue is damaged. Clotting stops bleeding and binds edges of a wound together in order to faciliate healing
• SCAB

  Clot goes through a process called retraction

  • actin and myosin within platelets interact, causing platelets to decrease in length
  • As it retracts, fluid is excluded, forming a scab
  • Fibrin - fibrin mesh traps blood cells, primarily erythrocytes and platelets
• Hematocrit : also known as packed cell volume

  confirm cases of anemia (may be caused by low red blood cell volume that impairs oxygen delivery to tissues)

  • Under centrifuge, heavest element of blood forced to bottom of capillary tube. The formed elements are heavier than plasma
  • Erythrocytes are heaviest and most abundant
  • Leukocytes and platelets are less dense and compose of the thin buffy coat
• Hematocrit test

  A) Plasma

  B) Red Blood Cells

  C) Buffy Coat

  
• To DETERMINE HEMATOCRIT TEST (2 WAYS)

  1. (with ruler) Measure from top of clay plug to top of erythrocyte portion. Measure from top of clay plug to top of plasma portion
  2. Use formula - Height of erythrocyte portion / Height of full blood volume
  3. times by 100