Bio Exam 1

• What makes a membrane viscous?

  Saturated fatty acids
• What makes a membrane fluid?

  unsaturated fatty acids
• Cooperativity

  amplifies enzyme response to substrates
• Allosteric activator

  binds to allosteric site and increases enzyme activity
• Feedback inhibition

  enzyme's activity is inhibited by the enzyme's end product
• Allosteric site

  A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.
• Noncompetetive inhibition

  Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme that causes the active site to change shape so the substrate can't bind.
• competetive inhibition

  substrate prevented from binding to active site by molecule of similar structure
• Activation energy barrier

  the sum of the energy that must be expended to get the reaction going
• What type of substance reduces hydrogen concentration?

  basic
• What type of substance increases hydrogen concentration?

  acidic
• What connects a monomer to another monomer or polymer?

  dehydration reaction
• What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

  One with double bonds.
• What is a saturated fatty acid?

  no double bonds
• How are fats formed?

  ester bonds
• What is the polymer of nucleotides?

  nucleic acids
• Denaturation

  Protein loses shape due to disruption of chemical bonds and interactions
• Quaternary structure

  2 or more polypeptides associate
• Tertiary protein structure

  3D structure
• Secondary protein structure

  alpha helix and beta sheets due to H bonds
• Primary protein structure

  amino acid sequence
• What is a peptide?

  chain of amino acids
• How are polysaccharides formed?

  glycosidic bonds
• What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

  polysaccharides
• How is a peptide bond formed?

  dehydration reaction
• What bonds amino acids together?

  peptide bonds
• What bonds nucleotides together?

  phosphodiester bond
• What is a nucleotide made of?

  sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
• What are the monomers of DNA and RNA?

  nucleotides
• What are the monomers of proteins?

  amino acids
• What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

  monosaccharides
• Is G positive or negative in an endergonic reaction?

  positive
• Is G positive or negative in an exergonic reaction?

  negative
• Enthalpy

  total energy of a system
• Entropy

  measure of disorder
• Retrovirus

  RNA virus with reverse transcriptase
• Prophage

  A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome.
• lysogenic cycle

  viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host.
• lytic cycle


  results in replication of virus and cell destruction
• Phage

  virus that infects bacteria