neurons and glia

• Radial Glia removes damaged neurons and weakest synapses through a process known as synaptic pruning.
• Radial Glia is found in the developing nervous system during the embryonic stage and its function is to guide the migration of neurons and their axons and dendrites.
• Neurons are the nerve cells in the nervous system.
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, including cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.
• The Somatic Nervous System is part of the Peripheral Nervous System.
• The Autonomic Nervous System is also part of the Peripheral Nervous System.
• Neurons receive information and convey the information to other cells.
• Glia enhance and modify the activity of neurons in many ways.
• Neurons are some of the longest-lived cells in the body, with cells in the cerebral cortex having the same lifespan as you currently have.
• Neurons vary in size, shape, and function, with the shape determining its connection to other cells which determines its function.
• Neurons are irreplaceable, with most neurons being amitotic and having a huge appetite for constant and abundant glucose and oxygen.
• The cell body or soma is the metabolic center of neurons, containing the nucleus, ribosomes, and mitochondria.
• Oligodendrocytes are found in the CNS and myelinate axons.
• Axon hillock connects soma to axon and has a range of diameter from 0.005 mm to 0.1 mm.
• The term "glia" comes from the Greek word "glue", reflecting the old idea that glia glue neurons together.
• The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes components such as satellite cells and Schwann cells.
• Ependymal cells are found in the CNS and function as part of the Blood Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier, controlling movement across the Blood CSF Barrier, creating CSF, and helping circulate CSF.
• Glial cells, or neuroglia, enhance and modify the activity of neurons in many ways.
• Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple axons (30 - 60 axons) and demyelination leads to multiple sclerosis.
• Astrocytes increase interactions of synapses between neurons by releasing chemicals that magnify or modify the message to the next neurons.
• The myelin sheath is an insulating material that covers the axons which is a combination of lipids and proteins.
• Microglia are located in the CNS and function as part of the immune system, destroying pathogens (viruses and fungi) that attack or damage the neurons.
• Astrocytes have a glycogen reserve that helps in bringing nutrients to the brain.
• Schwann cells are found in the PNS and myelinate axons.
• Glial cells are a component of the nervous system that has many functions.
• Schwann cells myelinate one axon or multiple Schwann cells to one axon and demyelination leads to Guillian-Barre Syndrome (immune system attacks the nerves).
• Astrocytes regulate ions and transmitters that help in synchronized sending of messages in waves.
• The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes components such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.
• Astrocytes are found in the CNS and have a star-shaped structure.
• Astrocytes shield neurons from chemicals surrounding it, are part of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), and secrete growth factors that stimulate endothelial cells to make more tight junctions (controls permeability).
• Nerve cells, or neurons, receive information and convey the information to other cells.
• Dendrites receive nerve impulses, with DRT standing for dendrite=receive impulse=toward cell body, and are mostly microns and seldom more than a millimeter.
• The myelin sheath increases action potential.
• Synaptic receptors line the dendrite’s surface, receiving information from other neurons.
• Dendric spines increase the surface of dendrites.
• Axons transport impulses towards neurons/organs/muscle, with ATA standing for axons=transport impulse=away from cell body, and are either myelinated or with a myelin sheath.
• Neurons have a structural classification with one axon and multiple dendrites (2 - 12), and are located in all remaining nerve cells.